December Current Affairs PDF (Full Month of December)

Staying updated with current affairs is crucial for everyone preparing for competitive exams in India. Our current affairs of December 2025 aims to provide you with a comprehensive overview of the significant events and updates from this month. 

From global news to sports, and technology to entertainment, we cover all important areas to keep you well-informed. Additionally, we are offering a free November current affairs 2025 PDF download. 

This PDF is a convenient resource for those who prefer having all the information in one place. Whether you’re preparing for exams or just want to stay updated, our November 2025 current affairs PDF is a valuable tool. 

Highlights of December 2025 Current Affairs

• India released a new Earthquake Zonation Map introducing Zone VI as the highest-risk category, placing the entire Himalayan arc under it and shifting focus to geological, not administrative, parameters.
• India was re-elected to the IMO Council (2026–27) under Category B with the highest votes, reinforcing its maritime trade and global shipping governance role.
• NISAR, the first joint Earth observation mission by NASA and ISRO, entered its final science phase to map land deformation, disasters, forests, and glaciers using dual-band SAR.
• India ranked 3rd in the Asia Power Index 2025 by the Lowy Institute, behind the US and China, reflecting rising strategic and economic influence in the region.
• India signed LoAs with the US for maintenance of MH-60R helicopters, strengthening maritime warfare capability and boosting Atmanirbhar Bharat in defence support systems.
• SoLAR Phase II was launched to scale solar-powered irrigation across India, Bangladesh, Kenya, and Ethiopia to improve water security and climate-resilient agriculture.
• IIT will open a new campus in Nigeria in 2026, advancing India’s global education outreach following IIT campuses in Zanzibar and Abu Dhabi.
• India launched Operation Sagar Bandhu to support Sri Lanka’s relief operations after Cyclone Ditwah caused heavy damage in the region.
• Seven Indian names were approved by the International Astronomical Union for planetary features on Mars, reflecting India’s growing scientific presence.
• Lok Sabha honoured G. V. Mavalankar, India’s first Speaker, recognised for shaping parliamentary democracy and legislative functioning in independent India.
• The 11th Governing Body session of the ITPGRFA in Peru ended without consensus on strengthening the Multilateral System for access and benefit-sharing of global crop genetic resources.
• A revised Standard Material Transfer Agreement was conditionally adopted, with key issues such as payment rates, Annex I expansion, and DSI rules deferred to GB-12.
• India advocated protection of sovereign rights over genetic resources and demanded transparent negotiations before final decisions.
• Artificial Intelligence capability is classified into ANI, AGI, and ASI, with AGI and ASI still theoretical and raising ethical and governance concerns.
• Assam’s GoM recommended ST status for six major communities and proposed a new ST (Valley) category along with interim quota adjustments.
• India was re-elected to the UNESCO Executive Board (2025–29), strengthening its influence in global education, culture, science, and communication.
• WTDC-25 under ITU concluded in Baku, focusing on advancing digital connectivity, ICT development, and global telecom cooperation.
• India launched the indigenous Hansa-3 NG trainer aircraft to boost domestic pilot training infrastructure and support aviation self-reliance.
• India was re-elected to the IMO Council under Category B, reinforcing its leadership in maritime safety, shipping regulation, and pollution control.
• NISAR, the joint NASA–ISRO SAR satellite, entered full science operations to support disaster management, cryosphere monitoring, and geohazard mapping.
• The Supreme Court ordered a nationwide CBI probe into rising digital arrest scams and asked states to grant jurisdictional consent while directing RBI and tech firms to assist investigations.
• RBI released the National Strategy for Financial Inclusion 2025–30 focusing on five Panch-Jyoti priorities, including gender-sensitive inclusion, financial literacy, and stronger grievance redressal.
• WHO issued its first global guidelines on GLP-1 medicines, conditionally recommending drugs like liraglutide, semaglutide, and tirzepatide for obesity management under medical supervision.
• A Parliamentary Committee flagged fertilizer mismanagement, warning of rising consumption, ageing plants, heavy import dependence, and diversion, while recommending modernization and alternatives.
• On World AIDS Day, NACO highlighted major progress such as a 48.7% fall in new HIV infections and reinforced commitments under NACP-V and the 95-95-95 targets.
• India moved to procure more Heron Mark-II drones from Israel, boosting long-endurance ISR capability with advanced sensors and SATCOM-enabled surveillance.
• India and Maldives prepared for the 14th edition of Exercise Ekuverin to strengthen CI/CT operations, HADR coordination, and interoperability across varied terrains.
• The GIRG framework continued guiding ministries to improve India’s performance on 26 global indices through data-driven reforms and inter-ministerial coordination.
• The ED launched an investigation into Kerala’s Masala Bonds, which are rupee-denominated offshore debt instruments that shift currency risk to investors.
• The Indian Army conducted a combat launch of the BrahMos missile, demonstrating rapid deployment, precision strike capability, and enhanced operational readiness.
• The Parliamentary Finance Panel flagged low recovery rates under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code despite improved revival and credit discipline among resolved companies.
• Core IBC challenges include delays in NCLT/NCLAT, valuation inconsistencies causing deep haircuts, and legal conflicts with laws like PMLA.
• The Committee recommended more NCLT benches, a unified tech platform (iPIE), and shifting valuation norms toward enterprise value to boost outcomes.
• The Supreme Court held that illegal immigrants, including Rohingyas, cannot claim legal rights beyond minimal humanitarian treatment due to lack of lawful entry.
• India follows a case-by-case refugee management system without a dedicated refugee law, applying UNHCR support selectively.
• A Parliamentary Committee warned of excessive profiteering in medicines (markups 500%–1800%) and urged legal Trade Margin Rationalisation beyond NLEM-controlled drugs.
• FAO’s SOLAW 2025 report revealed severe land degradation and water stress, pushing agricultural systems to adopt sustainable intensification and community-based practices.
• Bioremediation is gaining traction in India as a cost-effective eco-friendly method for waste cleanup, but faces slow implementation, ecological risks, and regulatory gaps.
• SBI, HDFC Bank, and ICICI Bank remain India’s Domestic Systemically Important Banks, requiring higher capital buffers due to their “too big to fail” status.
• India advanced in multiple strategic and cultural sectors: NRL received Navratna status, India reaffirmed commitment to the Biological Weapons Convention, RBI pushed consumer protection via RB-IOS, astronomers discovered the Alaknanda galaxy, and Nagaland celebrated its Hornbill Festival to promote tribal heritage and tourism.
• Invasive Alien Species are rapidly expanding in India, invading ~15,500 km² of natural areas each year.
• IAS spread is harming fragile ecosystems, livelihoods, wildlife habitats, and causing major economic losses.
• Antarctic ozone hole closed earlier in 2025, reflecting ongoing global ozone layer recovery.
• INR breached ₹90 per USD in 2025 despite strong fundamentals, driven by trade tensions and capital outflows.
• Fake news regulation in India remains weak due to no legal definition and limited platform accountability.
• Parliamentary panel recommends statutory status for the National Statistical Commission to strengthen data credibility.
• Leprosy prevalence massively reduced in India but stigma persists through discriminatory legal provisions.
• OSIRIS-REx finds glucose on asteroid Bennu, supporting the theory of extraterrestrial origins of organic molecules.
• CDSCO mandates QR codes at pharmacies to improve reporting of adverse drug reactions nationwide.
• Climate change is accelerating the spread of invasive species in both wet and dry biomes across India.
• India aims to become a top-three global quantum economy by 2047 through a self-reliant ecosystem, strong startup base, and global market leadership.
• Quantum innovation is accelerating in states like Karnataka (Quantum Research Park) and Andhra Pradesh (Amaravati Quantum Valley), fostering competitive regional R&D hubs.
• The roadmap targets rapid expansion of a skilled quantum workforce within the next 2–3 years through industry-academia collaboration and focused skilling programs.
• India plans to lead in priority quantum domains such as secure communication, healthcare, financial tech, logistics optimization, and cryogenics.
• Policies will fast-track commercialization with testbeds, regulatory sandboxes, and support for quantum startups to remain domiciled and scale within India.Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) continues to drive financial inclusion, transparency, and innovation through platforms like Aadhaar, UPI, DBT, and ULIP.
• India’s DPI model uses open standards and government-private co-creation, enabling scalable solutions across logistics, education, and agriculture.
• A three-phase CCUS R&D roadmap has been launched to decarbonize heavy industries and support Net Zero goals through CO₂ capture, storage, and utilization.
• DHRUVA will digitize physical addresses using geo-coded DIGIPIN and UPI-like virtual labels, ensuring easy, accurate, and shareable location identity.
• India strengthens defence ties with Indonesia via Exercise GARUDA SHAKTI, enhancing interoperability and counter-terrorism capabilities of both nations’ Special Forces.
• India and Russia adopted the Economic Programme 2030to expand cooperation beyond traditional defence and energy ties.
• Bilateral trade is targeted to reach $100 billion by 2030, compared to $68.7 billion in 2024–25.
• Both sides will fast-track negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement with the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU).
• National currency settlements and CBDC interoperability will be promoted to bypass Western-controlled financial systems.
• Russia reaffirmed uninterrupted oil and gas supplies and continuing collaboration on nuclear energy including Kudankulam and Small Modular Reactors.
• Defence partnership strengthened through joint R&D, co-production under Make in India, and technology transfer, improving long-term interoperability.
• Connectivity initiatives gained momentum including INSTC, Chennai–Vladivostok Corridor, and Arctic shipping via the Northern Sea Route.
• Russia joined India-led International Big Cat Alliance and both nations reiterated cooperation in BRICS, SCO, G20 and the UN.
• Agreements signed for skilled Indian workforce mobility, and Russia introduced 30-day visa-free e-tourist entry for its citizens.
• Cultural and educational cooperation set to deepen, marking 25 years of Strategic Partnership and reinforcing the status of a Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership. Indonesia via Exercise GARUDA SHAKTI, enhancing interoperability and counter-terrorism capabilities of both nations’ Special Forces.
• IMF warned that the rapid expansion of stablecoins could undermine monetary sovereignty, financial stability, and central bank control in vulnerable economies.
• Stablecoins are increasingly being used for cross-border payments and remittances, improving efficiency but raising risks like money laundering and run-induced financial stress.
• The IMF suggests promoting CBDCs and harmonized international regulations to prevent regulatory arbitrage and currency substitution.
• A Private Member’s Bill proposes reducing the power of party whips under the 10th Schedule to allow MPs to vote independently and improve democratic deliberation.
• The current whip system ensures party discipline and political stability but is criticised for restricting MPs’ freedom of expression and suppressing dissent.
• The Bill aims to balance party stability with legislators’ autonomy, enabling them to vote based on conscience and public interest.
• Drone strikes damaged the protective shield over the Chernobyl nuclear site, raising concerns of radioactive leaks and highlighting nuclear safety challenges in conflict zones.
• The incident emphasizes the role of the IAEA in monitoring nuclear safety globally despite its limited authority over military facilities.
• The Washington Accord signed between DRC and Rwanda seeks to restore peace in mineral-rich eastern DRC and secure key global mineral supply chains like cobalt.
• The Shyok Tunnel in eastern Ladakh was inaugurated to ensure all-weather military connectivity and strengthen India’s operational readiness near the China border
• Parliament is holding a special discussion to mark 150 years of Vande Mataram, reviving the debate around the 1937 decision to restrict national use to only its first two stanzas.
• Vande Mataram, written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay in 1875 and published in the novel Anandamath, became a powerful patriotic symbol during the Swadeshi movement.
• The song’s public chanting was banned by the British, but it continued to be a rallying cry for freedom fighters, featuring in revolutionary flags and nationalist publications.
• On 24 January 1950, Vande Mataram was declared India’s National Song to be honoured equally with the National Anthem, though it lacks enforceable legal protection under current laws.
• The Supreme Court has ordered 30% representation for women in State Bar Councils — 20% through elections and 10% by co-option — to address gender imbalance in the legal profession.
• Women’s representation in the legal field remains low, with 0 women in the BCI, only 9 of 441 in SBCs, and just 13.4% of judges in High Courts, due to structural and cultural barriers.
• India has invited all big cat range nations to join the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) and the Global Big Cats Summit 2026 to strengthen global cooperation on conservation.
• IBCA focuses on conserving seven big cat species and works through a global multi-agency partnership, positioning India as a leader in wildlife and biodiversity protection.
• The Draft ISI Bill, 2025 has sparked protests as experts fear it may reduce the autonomy of the Indian Statistical Institute, a globally respected institution central to data-driven policymaking.
• India’s Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency (CAFE) norms aim to improve vehicle fuel efficiency and reduce CO₂ emissions, with Phase III proposed to further align India with global environmental standards.
  Aditya-L1 and six U.S. satellites jointly analysed the May 2024 Gannon’s Solar Storm, confirming a rare magnetic reconnection event that intensified the storm.
• Multiple colliding CMEs caused magnetic field snapping, particle acceleration, and strengthened impacts on Earth’s satellites, aviation, and communication systems.
• Aditya-L1, positioned at L1, continues providing uninterrupted solar observations through its seven advanced scientific payloads.
• The new U.S. National Security Strategy shifts toward MAGA-driven economic nationalism, sovereignty protection, and reduced emphasis on alliances or multilateral frameworks.
• The NSS reasserts the Monroe Doctrine, adopts selective competition with China and Russia, and distances itself from democracy-promotion abroad.
• For India, the NSS signals deeper engagement through QUAD and more space for strategic autonomy, though references to mediation on India–Pakistan issues remain sensitive.
• A national study shows early initiation of substance use among Indian schoolchildren, with average starting age at 12.9 years and inhalant use beginning as early as 11 years.
• CITES CoP20 added 77 species to its protection lists, while India opposed listing Guggul in Appendix II due to lack of adequate scientific studies.
• Interpol Blue Notices are being used by CBI to trace individuals of investigative interest, complementing other notices like Red, Yellow, Orange, and Green.
• GEO-7 by UNEP warns of rising GHG emissions, pollution-related deaths, and rapid land degradation, urging global systems change and multi-trillion-dollar investments for climate resilience.
• The World Inequality Report 2026 shows extreme concentration of wealth, with the global top 1% owning 37% of wealth and India’s top 1% holding nearly 40% of national wealth.
• Income inequality remains high worldwide, with the global top 10% capturing 53% of income and India’s top 1% earning around 23% of national income.
• Billionaire wealth has grown at 8% annually since the 1990s, almost twice the growth rate of the bottom 50%.
• Climate inequality is stark, with the richest 10% responsible for 77% of global emissions while the poorest 50% contribute only 3%.
• The Global South loses over 1% of world GDP annually to the Global North through financial flows, far exceeding global development aid.
• India recorded its highest-ever nuclear power generation in FY 2024–25, crossing 50 billion units and avoiding nearly 49 million tonnes of CO₂ emissions.
• Deepavali has been inscribed on UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage List, bringing India’s total ICH elements to 16.
• Sam Altman highlighted the expanding influence of AI in parenting, noting benefits for learning and monitoring but raising concerns about reduced social interaction, privacy risks, and algorithmic bias.
• IIT Madras launched the National Hub for Quantum Communication under the National Quantum Mission to advance quantum-secure networks, cryptography, and satellite-based communication.
• Chandrayaan-3’s RAMBHA-LP instrument confirmed an active plasma environment near the Moon’s south pole, while ADB revised India’s FY26 GDP growth forecast upward to 7.2%.
• India has launched its first indigenously developed hydrogen fuel cell–powered passenger vessel in Varanasi, marking a significant step towards green inland water transport and net-zero emission goals.
• The vessel uses a fully indigenous low-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell, which generates electricity through an electrochemical reaction with water as the only by-product, ensuring zero direct emissions.
• PEM fuel cells offer high efficiency, quiet operation, quick start-up, and compact design, but challenges remain in terms of high costs, hydrogen availability, and long-term durability.
• The Supreme Court has expanded the scope of the PoSH Act, 2013 by allowing women to file sexual harassment complaints with the Internal Complaints Committee of their own workplace even if the accused belongs to another organisation.
• This victim-centric interpretation strengthens access to justice, addresses inter-organisational workplace realities, and reinforces constitutional values of dignity, equality, and safe working conditions for women.
• NITI Aayog’s report on deepening India’s corporate bond market highlights that the market is only about 15–16% of GDP, far smaller than several Asian peers, and stresses the need for regulatory simplification, market strengthening, and global integration.
• The proposed three-phase reform roadmap aims to reduce overdependence on banks, improve liquidity and credit access, and mobilise long-term capital for infrastructure and sustainable growth.
• The World Development Report 2025 underscores that international standards increasingly shape global trade and development, often favouring advanced economies while acting as non-tariff barriers for developing countries with limited rule-making power.
• UNESCO’s review of the 1960 Convention against Discrimination in Education reiterates education as a fundamental human right and notes that India has not ratified the convention despite constitutional support for the right to education.
• Recent developments in science, culture, and environment include JWST observing one of the earliest known supernovae, Assam hosting the Charaichung Festival to revive awareness of Asia’s first protected bird sanctuary, Tamil Nadu IAS officer Supriya Sahu receiving the UN Champions of the Earth Award, and Google announcing Project Suncatcher to explore solar-powered AI data centres in space.
• The Union Cabinet has approved the Census of India 2027, ending a gap of over 15 years since the last census in 2011 and providing updated demographic and socio-economic data for policymaking.
• Census 2027 will be India’s 16th census overall and the 8th after Independence, to be conducted in two phases with house listing in 2026 and population enumeration in February 2027.
• For the first time, the census will be fully digital, using mobile-based applications, a Census Management and Monitoring System portal, and offering a self-enumeration option to citizens.
• Caste-related data will be collected during the population enumeration phase, making Census 2027 particularly significant for evidence-based social and welfare policies.
• India’s resolution on strengthening global wildfire management was adopted at UNEA-7 in Nairobi, highlighting international concern as wildfire incidents may rise by nearly 50 percent by 2100.
• The wildfire resolution emphasises early warning systems, satellite and ground-based monitoring, community-centric response mechanisms, and improved access to climate and multilateral finance.
• The Union Cabinet approved the CoalSETU Policy, introducing a long-term auction mechanism for coal linkages in the non-regulated sector to improve transparency, efficiency, and optimal use of domestic coal.
• India called for the protection of the UNESCO-listed Preah Vihear Temple amid renewed Thailand–Cambodia border tensions, underlining concerns about safeguarding cultural heritage in conflict zones.
• The Supreme Court extended ₹50 lakh insurance coverage under the PMGKY scheme to all doctors who died while performing COVID-19 duties, ensuring uniform compensation for affected families.
• India was excluded from the U.S.-led Pax Silica initiative on critical mineral and silicon supply chains, while NASA reported loss of contact with the MAVEN spacecraft studying Mars’ atmosphere.
• India promotes the Indian Ocean as an inclusive, cooperative maritime commons guided by the vision “From the Indian Ocean, for the World,” rejecting rivalry-based geopolitics.
• Climate change, IUU fishing, biodiversity loss, and socio-economic instability threaten the Indian Ocean Region, directly impacting coastal livelihoods and food security.
• India’s Blue Economy strategy emphasizes cooperative ocean governance, climate resilience, inclusive blue growth, and mobilization of global finance through initiatives like MAHASAGAR and a proposed Indian Ocean Blue Fund.
• The Indian Ocean is critical to India’s economy and security, carrying the majority of its trade and energy imports while exposing it to non-traditional maritime threats.
• India’s waste sector offers rapid methane mitigation potential, as methane is a short-lived but highly potent greenhouse gas and urban waste interventions deliver quick climate and health co-benefits.
• Measures such as satellite-based methane monitoring, waste segregation, Bio-CNG production, and scientific landfills can transform methane from a liability into an economic resource.
• The Fourth National Lok Adalat, 2025 resolved a record 2.59 crore cases in one day, reinforcing Lok Adalats as a powerful tool to reduce judicial pendency and expand access to justice.
• India expanded its Ramsar footprint to 96 wetlands with the inclusion of Siliserh Lake and Kopra Reservoir, strengthening global recognition of its wetland conservation efforts.
• Scientific and technological advances were highlighted by India’s first indigenous clinical trial of the Supernova Stent for stroke treatment and the launch of MahaCrimeOS AI for cybercrime investigations.
• Global and cultural developments included Operation Thunder 2025’s major wildlife trafficking crackdown, the GI tag for Ponduru Khadi, awareness of thalassemia care reforms, and the observation of the Geminid meteor shower.
• India urgently needs stronger biosecurity laws, institutions, and surveillance systems to counter rising risks from biotechnology, cross-border pathogens, and agro-terrorism.
• The Viksit Bharat Shiksha Adhishthan Bill, 2025 aims to overhaul higher education by replacing UGC, AICTE, and NCTE with a single umbrella regulator (VBSA) to improve quality, coordination, and autonomy.
• The Supreme Court termed dowry eradication a constitutional and social necessity, directing states to empower DPOs, fast-track dowry death cases, train police, and run awareness programmes.
• A twinning agreement between Ellora (India) and Petra (Jordan) highlights shared rock-cut architectural heritage and promotes cultural cooperation.
• Cho La and Dok La passes in Sikkim have been opened for battlefield tourism under Bharat Rannbhoomi Darshan to educate citizens on historic India–China border sites.
• India launched DHRUV64, its first fully indigenous 1.0 GHz, 64-bit dual-core microprocessor, strengthening technological self-reliance.
• The Indian Army showcased Ekam AI for secure defence data processing and SAMBHAV, a portable satellite communication system for remote/battlefield connectivity.
• Raj Goyal took charge as the new Chief Information Commissioner, reinforcing the RTI framework’s role in transparency and accountability.
• The UN Alliance of Civilizations, now completing two decades, continues to promote global dialogue, tolerance, and cultural cooperation.
• Chandigarh won first place in the National Energy Conservation Awards 2025, while India and Maldives concluded the 8th Exercise Ekatha, boosting maritime security cooperation.
• The Viksit Bharat – G-RAM G Bill, 2025 proposes replacing MGNREGA with a new rural employment framework offering 125 days of guaranteed work, prioritising durable asset creation and climate-resilient infrastructure.
• The Bill strengthens grassroots planning through Viksit Gram Panchayat Plans, integrates them with PM Gati Shakti, and uses a national rural infrastructure stack for coordinated planning and performance-based funding.
• The Sabka Bima Sabki Raksha Bill, 2025 raises FDI in insurance to 100%, enhances policyholder protection through a dedicated fund, reduces capital requirements for foreign re-insurers, and increases IRDAI’s enforcement powers.
• LIC is granted greater operational autonomy, enabling expansion without prior government approval and improving competitiveness in the insurance sector.
• The SHANTI Bill, 2025 opens India’s nuclear power sector to private players, revises nuclear liability rules with a tiered compensation structure, and removes the operator’s right of recourse to boost investment.
• The Bill grants statutory status to AERB, strengthens regulatory oversight, and expands compensation to cover nuclear incidents affecting foreign territories.
• The US has questioned the WTO’s role due to MFN-related constraints, outdated rules, dispute settlement paralysis, and rising geopolitical fragmentation in global trade governance.
• The UNGA’s new declaration on NCDs and mental health expands recognised health risks, includes digital harm for the first time, and urges stronger regulation of unhealthy products and pollutants.
• The Goldar Committee recommends revising India’s GDP base year to 2022–23, integrating modern datasets like GSTN and PLFS to better capture the digital and informal economy.
• India plans to build the advanced Maitri-II Antarctica research station by 2032, while its defence capability gets a boost with the induction of AH-64E Apache helicopters; tensions rise as Iran seizes a tanker in the Gulf of Oman, underscoring the region’s strategic significance.
• India has significantly expanded its bioenergy sector over the past decade by adding 2,362 MW of biomass power capacity, 228 MW of waste-to-energy capacity, and installing around 2.88 lakh biogas plants.
• The National Bioenergy Programme, implemented from 2021–22 to 2025–26, aims to promote productive use of surplus biomass, generate renewable power, and provide supplementary income to rural households.
• Bioenergy currently contributes about 13% of India’s total final energy consumption, with installed capacity standing at nearly 11.6 GW and projected growth of up to 45% by 2030.
• Initiatives such as SATAT, GOBAR-Dhan, the National Policy on Biofuels, and the Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN Yojana are strengthening India’s clean energy transition and circular economy goals.
• India reported the highest number of Anti-Doping Rule Violations globally for the third consecutive year in 2024, with a positivity rate of 3.6% among tested athletes.
• The findings highlight gaps in athlete awareness, medical supervision, and preventive education, despite legal backing under the National Anti-Doping Act, 2022 and digital tools like the Know Your Medicine app.
• The Parliamentary Select Committee on the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Amendment) Bill, 2025 recommended reforms to address delays, asset value erosion, and complexities such as group and cross-border insolvencies.
• Key proposed changes include creditor-initiated out-of-court resolution, codification of the clean slate principle, strict timelines for appellate proceedings, and clearer rules for cross-border cases.
• The Prime Minister’s visit to Ethiopia elevated bilateral relations to a Strategic Partnership, resulted in eight agreements, and reinforced India’s role as a development partner in Africa.
• The commissioning of the second MH-60R Seahawk helicopter squadron at INS Hansa, Goa, has enhanced India’s maritime aviation strength and anti-submarine warfare capabilities.
• The Allahabad High Court reaffirmed that live-in relationships between consenting adults are not illegal and fall within the constitutional protection of personal liberty, dignity, and autonomy under Article 21.
• The Court clarified that social or familial disapproval cannot override an adult’s freedom to choose personal relationships, and denial of police protection in such cases amounts to a failure of the State’s constitutional duty.
• India and Oman signed a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement aiming to significantly expand bilateral trade beyond USD 10 billion, with near-zero duty access for most Indian goods and enhanced services and investment opportunities.
• The India–Oman CEPA includes first-ever FTA commitments on traditional medicine (AYUSH), improved mobility for Indian professionals, and measures to reduce non-tariff barriers, boosting India’s services and wellness exports.
• A Parliamentary Standing Committee report highlighted political instability, security challenges, trade imbalances, unresolved water-sharing issues, and growing Chinese influence as key concerns in India–Bangladesh relations.
• The report recommended stronger diplomatic engagement, modernised border management, proactive water and climate diplomacy, and deeper economic integration with safeguards to secure India’s strategic interests.
• The Competition Commission of India took cognisance of IndiGo flight disruptions to examine potential abuse of dominant position, underscoring its role in safeguarding fair competition and consumer welfare.
• India imposed anti-dumping duties on certain steel imports from China to protect domestic producers from unfairly priced imports, in line with WTO rules and trade-remedy mechanisms.
• Under the National Project for Strengthening Disaster Risk Reduction, cluster-based Model Gram Panchayats will be developed to promote localised, community-driven disaster preparedness integrated with development planning.
• The government announced plans to operationalise at least five indigenously designed Small Modular Reactors by 2033 and strengthened air pollution governance through CAQM reviews, alongside Karnataka passing a dedicated Hate Speech and Hate Crimes (Prevention) Bill, 2025 to balance free speech with public order and dignity.
• The Second WHO Global Summit on Traditional Medicine concluded in New Delhi, reinforcing India’s leadership in integrating traditional medicine into global healthcare systems.
• The summit announced the creation of a global digital library on traditional medicine to ensure equitable access to scientific evidence, policy frameworks, and validated traditional knowledge.
• India launched the My AYUSH Integrated Services Portal as a single digital platform covering education, healthcare delivery, research, regulation, and trade within the AYUSH ecosystem.
• The proposed AYUSH Mark was highlighted as a global quality benchmark to improve safety, standardisation, credibility, and international acceptance of AYUSH products and services.
• The Delhi Declaration recognised traditional medicine as a shared biocultural heritage and aligned global efforts with the Global Traditional Medicine Strategy 2025–2034.
• The Reserve Bank of India approved a risk-based deposit insurance premium framework, replacing the flat-rate system with premiums linked to banks’ risk profiles.
• Under the new system, safer and well-governed banks will pay lower premiums, while riskier banks will pay higher premiums, strengthening financial stability and depositor confidence.
• The Supreme Court ruled that Corporate Social Responsibility inherently includes environmental protection, making ecological responsibility a constitutional obligation for corporations.
• IN-SPACe launched the Antariksh Prayogshala initiative to establish space laboratories in academic institutions, strengthening research, innovation, and private sector participation in the space sector.
• The Government of India decided to establish the Bureau of Port Security as a statutory body to create a uniform, centralised, and cyber-aware security framework for ships, vessels, and port infrastructure.
• The Supreme Court has approved a uniform definition of the Aravalli Hills, bringing over 90% of the Aravalli landscape under environmental protection and closing regulatory loopholes caused by fragmented interpretations.
• The accepted definition treats the Aravalli as a continuous geological system, defining Aravalli Hills as landforms with at least 100 metres of local relief and Aravalli Ranges as clusters of such hills within 500 metres.
• Mining has been completely prohibited in core and inviolate zones of the Aravalli region, including protected areas, eco-sensitive zones, tiger reserves, wetlands and CAMPA plantation areas.
• A landscape-level Management Plan for Sustainable Mining will be prepared by the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, and no new mining leases will be allowed until the plan is finalised.
• Conservation initiatives like the Matri Van urban forest and the Aravalli Green Wall Project aim to restore ecological balance across the Aravalli range, one of the world’s oldest mountain systems.
• The Child Marriage Free Bharat Campaign has completed one year, reinforcing India’s commitment to eliminating child marriage through law enforcement, community mobilisation and behavioural change.
• NFHS data shows a steady decline in child marriage in India from 47.4% in 2005–06 to 23.3% in 2019–21, though states like West Bengal, Bihar and Tripura continue to report higher prevalence.
• Legal measures under the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 and schemes like Beti Bachao Beti Padhao are being supported by grassroots models such as child marriage–free Gram Panchayats in Chhattisgarh.
• The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India has rejected claims linking egg consumption to cancer, stating that such assertions lack credible scientific evidence and may mislead consumers.
• India and the Netherlands have signed an MoU to collaborate on the National Maritime Heritage Complex at Lothal, Gujarat, which will showcase India’s 4,500-year-old maritime heritage under the Sagarmala Programme.
• India is prioritizing the internationalization of higher education under NEP 2020 to attract global students, faculty, and institutions while enabling Indian universities to expand overseas.
• NITI Aayog highlights that India spent nearly USD 3.4 billion on overseas education in 2023–24, underlining the need to provide world-class education domestically and reduce brain drain.
• Key reforms proposed include an inter-ministerial task force, internationalization-focused NIRF rankings, easier visas, and major funding initiatives like the Bharat Vidya Kosh and Vishwa Bandhu Scholarship.
• Internationalization is expected to strengthen India’s soft power, improve global rankings, and build a globally competitive workforce aligned with international standards.
• The Financial Fraud Risk Indicator (FRI) has helped prevent cyber fraud losses of ₹660 crore by classifying risky mobile numbers using real-time inputs from banks, telecoms, law enforcement, and citizens.
• Supported by the Digital Intelligence Platform, FRI enhances coordination among over 1,000 entities, enabling early alerts, faster fraud detection, and stronger digital financial security.
• India marked 30 years of the PESA Act, which empowers Gram Sabhas in Fifth Schedule areas with control over land, resources, markets, and preservation of tribal culture.
• Despite its transformative intent, PESA faces challenges such as weak implementation, bureaucratic dominance, and limited devolution, prompting new initiatives like the PESA-GPDP Portal and capacity-building centres.
• The India–New Zealand Free Trade Agreement offers zero-duty access for Indian exports, skilled mobility, healthcare cooperation, and significant long-term investment commitments.
• The UN’s Accra Convention 2025 standardizes negotiable cargo documents across transport modes, supporting digital trade, mid-transit sale of goods, trade finance, and legal certainty in global commerce.
• Akash-NG is a surface-to-air missile system designed to provide enhanced air defence against multiple aerial threats.
• It is capable of intercepting high-speed, low-altitude, and high-altitude targets, including fighter aircraft, UAVs, and cruise missiles.
• The system has been developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).
• Production and system integration are being carried out in collaboration with Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL).
• Akash-NG features an indigenously developed active radar seeker, improving accuracy and hit probability.
• The missile uses a canisterised launch system, enabling quicker reaction time and improved mobility.
• It incorporates a dual-pulse solid rocket motor, allowing better manoeuvrability and extended engagement range.
• The system is designed to operate effectively in all weather conditions, day and night.
• Akash-NG strengthens India’s layered air defence network by complementing existing missile systems.
• Successful evaluation trials mark a significant step towards induction into the Indian Armed Forces and enhanced self-reliance in defence technology.
• PESA Mahotsav 2025 held in Visakhapatnam reaffirmed the role of Gram Sabhas in strengthening tribal self-governance and grassroots democracy in Fifth Schedule areas.
• The PESA Act, enacted in 1996 on Bhuria Committee recommendations, empowers nearly 8.6% of India’s population by recognising tribal autonomy over land, forests, minerals, and customary practices.
• Despite its significance, PESA implementation faces major gaps, including incomplete rule notification in some states, dilution of Gram Sabha authority, and weak monitoring mechanisms.
• RBI announced a ₹3 trillion liquidity infusion through open market operations and dollar–rupee swaps to ease banking system stress and stabilise bond markets.
• Liquidity stress has been driven by tax outflows, forex interventions, festive cash demand, and capital outflows, impacting interest rates, credit flow, and investment.
• Violence in Assam’s Karbi Anglong highlighted tensions between Sixth Schedule land protections for tribes and the rights of long-settled non-tribal communities.
• The unrest revived demands for stronger autonomy under Article 244(A) and raised concerns over the implementation of peace accord commitments.
• Russia and China announced plans to deploy an automated nuclear power plant on the Moon by 2036 to support sustained lunar research and habitation.
• Nuclear energy is seen as essential for overcoming the Moon’s long lunar nights, with similar initiatives also underway by the United States.
• India marked Good Governance Day on 25 December, paying tribute to Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, while also inducting Samudra Pratap, the country’s first indigenous pollution control vessel, boosting maritime environmental protection and self-reliance.
• Marks the completion of 100 years of the Communist Party of India on 26 December 2025, one of the oldest political parties in the country.
• CPI was founded in 1925 at Kanpur, representing the first organised all-India communist political platform within India.
• Its early roots trace back to 1920, when Indian revolutionaries formed the party in exile at Tashkent under leaders like M.N. Roy.
• CPI played a major role in mass mobilisation by organising workers, peasants, women, and youth through bodies like AITUC and AIKS.
• The party expanded the freedom struggle beyond elite leadership by embedding it in grassroots social and economic movements.
• CPI advocated progressive social reforms, including Dalit rights, social equality, and Hindu–Muslim unity.
• In Kerala, CPI leaders spearheaded movements such as the Guruvayur Satyagraha for temple entry and social inclusion.
• The party demanded complete independence (Poorna Swaraj) as early as 1921–22, well before its adoption by the INC in 1929.
• CPI consistently argued for a Constituent Assembly elected by Indians to frame India’s Constitution.
• Its ideological contributions included early constitutional thinking, notably M.N. Roy’s draft constitutional proposal in 1934.
• PMGSY has completed 25 years since its launch in December 2000, emerging as one of India’s most transformative rural infrastructure programmes with nearly 95% physical progress achieved by December 2025.
• Under PMGSY, around 8.25 lakh km of rural roads were sanctioned and about 7.87 lakh km completed, significantly improving last-mile connectivity, rural mobility, and access to markets, schools, and healthcare.
• The scheme evolved through multiple phases, from universal rural access (Phase I) to network consolidation (Phase II), connectivity strengthening (Phase III), and PMGSY-IV (2024–2028) focusing on last-mile inclusion of 25,000 habitations.
• Special focus on Left Wing Extremism–affected areas since 2016 highlights PMGSY’s dual role in addressing development deficits and supporting internal security.
• The CAG audit of PMKVY exposed major gaps such as skill–job mismatch, underutilisation of funds, weak Centre–State coordination, and poor placement outcomes with only a 41% employment rate.
• Serious data integrity issues in PMKVY were flagged, including invalid candidate records, duplicate bank accounts, and certifications issued through fictitious or ineligible training agencies.
• CAG recommended stronger alignment of training with labour market needs, strict IT controls in PMKVY 4.0, better data integration, and improved oversight and audit mechanisms.
• India’s Tsunami-Ready Villages Initiative aims to make 100 coastal villages disaster-resilient, with 24 villages in Odisha already recognised by UNESCO under the Tsunami Ready Recognition Programme.
• NITI Aayog’s “From Intent to Impact” report stresses that achieving gender parity at workplaces is crucial for India’s $30 trillion economy vision, highlighting barriers like maternity penalties, leadership gaps, and unpaid care burdens.
• The 126th birth anniversary of Shaheed Udham Singh reaffirmed his legacy as a revolutionary freedom fighter, symbol of composite nationalism, and the avenger of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre through the assassination of Michael O’Dwyer in 1940.
• China successfully accelerated a one-ton superconducting maglev test vehicle from 0 to 700 km/h in about two seconds, marking a major technological breakthrough.
• The experiment was conducted on a 400-metre test track, demonstrating extreme acceleration capabilities rather than long-distance cruising speed.
• Maglev technology works by suspending vehicles above the track using magnetic forces, eliminating physical contact and friction.
• The absence of wheel–rail contact significantly reduces wear and tear, enabling smoother rides and lower maintenance costs.
• Superconducting magnets allow stronger magnetic fields, making ultra-high speeds possible with greater stability.
• Magnetic repulsion and attraction are combined to lift, guide, and stabilise the vehicle during motion.
• Electromagnetic propulsion systems replace traditional engines, allowing precise speed control and rapid acceleration.
• Such advancements could redefine future high-speed transport, particularly for intercity and long-distance travel.
• Maglev systems are more energy-efficient at high speeds compared to conventional rail, as friction losses are minimal.
• China’s achievement reinforces its global leadership in next-generation transportation technologies and infrastructure innovation.
• The Ind–Aus ECTA completed three years since December 2022, delivering near-total duty-free access for Indian goods to Australia while allowing India to protect sensitive sectors through phased tariff cuts.
• Beyond trade, the India–Australia partnership under ECTA has strengthened strategic alignment in the Indo-Pacific, QUAD cooperation, and supply chains for critical minerals like lithium and rare earths.
• In Hungary’s Homokhátság region, the Water Guardians initiative shows how local water retention and community-led action can combat desertification and protect rural livelihoods.
• Desertification now affects over 4 billion hectares globally, driven by climate change, groundwater depletion, and unsustainable agriculture, making land restoration a key climate and food security priority.
• The US has proposed major WTO reforms, including plurilateral decision-making, curbing special treatment for developing countries, and relaxing the MFN principle, raising concerns for India and other emerging economies.
• India is projected by EY to become a $26 trillion economy by 2047–48, supported by services exports, digital public infrastructure, demographic advantage, and sustained ~6% annual growth.
• Despite fewer incidents, the value of banking frauds in India rose by 30% in April–September 2025, highlighting weaknesses in credit appraisal, governance, and delayed detection of large corporate loan frauds.
• International advisories on a counterfeit rabies vaccine batch in India have raised serious public health, regulatory, and ethical concerns in a country that bears over one-third of global rabies deaths.
• The successful maiden flight test of the Pinaka LRGR-120 rocket has enhanced India’s long-range precision strike capability and strengthened its position as an emerging defence exporter.
• Recent cultural and heritage events, from tributes to Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose and the Makaravilakku pilgrimage at Sabarimala to the overseas voyage of INSV Kaundinya, underline India’s blend of strategic ambition, historical legacy, and civilizational outreach.

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