September 2025 Current Affairs PDF (Full Month of September)

Staying updated with current affairs is crucial for everyone preparing for competitive exams in India. Our current affairs of September 2025 aims to provide you with a comprehensive overview of the significant events and updates from this month. 

From global news to sports, and technology to entertainment, we cover all important areas to keep you well-informed. Additionally, we are offering a free September current affairs 2025 PDF download. 

This PDF is a convenient resource for those who prefer having all the information in one place. Whether you’re preparing for exams or just want to stay updated, our September 2025 current affairs PDF is a valuable tool. 

Highlights of September 2025 Current Affairs

• India and Japan unveiled a Joint Vision for the Next Decade with an ambitious roadmap across eight priority areas, including economy, technology, energy, and defense.
• Japan pledged 10 trillion yen investment in India over the next decade and announced human resource exchange involving five lakh people across both countries.
• India–Japan Digital Partnership 2.0 was launched with a new AI initiative, focusing on joint R&D in artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and emerging technologies.
• Defence ties deepened with a new security cooperation framework, cross-servicing agreement, and joint military exercises like Dharma Guardian, Shinyuu Maitri, and JIMEX in the Indo-Pacific.
• India and Japan signed agreements on space collaboration, clean hydrogen, ammonia-based fuels, mineral security, and wastewater management for sustainable urban development projects.
• Supreme Court of India reached full sanctioned strength of 34 judges after two appointments, reinforcing judicial efficiency and independence under the Collegium system.
• Parliamentary Committees were described as the backbone of democracy, though challenges remain with low referrals of bills, weak expert support, and declining MP participation.
• India invoked UNTOC and UNCAC treaties to strengthen extradition cooperation for fugitive offenders, ensuring global legal action against organized crime, corruption, and money laundering.
• State Energy Efficiency Index 2024 ranked Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, and Tripura as top performers, encouraging inter-state competition and integration of energy-efficient policies.
• Thailand granted long-term work rights to Karen and Karenni refugees from Myanmar, a landmark move promoting refugee integration and livelihood opportunities in Southeast Asia.
• India and China leaders met on the sidelines of the SCO Summit, reaffirming commitment to stability, border peace, economic ties, and people-to-people engagement amidst regional challenges.
• Both sides agreed to resolve border issues through fair, reasonable, and mutually acceptable solutions, emphasizing prevention of disputes and stability for a multipolar Asia.
• India and China announced steps to enhance connectivity, visa facilitation, and cultural exchanges, including resumption of Kailash Manasarovar Yatra to strengthen bilateral people-to-people ties.
• Revised Green Credit norms now focus on tree growth and survival, requiring five years of restoration and at least 40% canopy density for credits.
• One Green Credit is equivalent to one tree surviving beyond five years, with credits non-transferable except within a company and its subsidiaries.
• The NeGD integrated 2000 e-Government services pan-India on DigiLocker and e-District, offering citizens authentic, legally valid digital documents accessible anytime, anywhere.
• DigiLocker reduces administrative burden for agencies, enabling secure, real-time verification and exchange of documents while enhancing faster and citizen-centric service delivery nationwide.
• Draft rules propose raising FDI cap in insurance sector to 100% via automatic route, aiming to attract global capital and expand insurance penetration.
• The African Union endorsed ‘Correct the Map’ campaign, advocating Equal Earth map over Mercator’s projection to correct distortions of Africa and other regions.
• Educate Girls became first Indian NGO to win the prestigious Ramon Magsaysay Award 2025, recognizing its transformative work in advancing girls’ education in India.
• The 25th SCO Council of Heads of State Summit adopted the Tianjin Declaration, focusing on counterterrorism, UN reforms, sustainable development, and expanding China-led initiatives.
• The Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025 came into force, consolidating previous laws and empowering the Centre to regulate foreigners’ entry, stay, and movement.
• The Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Amendment Rules, 2025 streamlined forest clearance procedures, enhanced compensatory afforestation, and introduced provisions for critical mineral mining and stronger enforcement.
• The Supreme Court is reconsidering its 2014 judgment exempting minority institutions from the RTE Act, stressing coexistence of Article 21A and Article 30 rights.
• The BBNJ Agreement’s second Preparatory Commission session concluded, addressing marine genetic resources, high seas biodiversity, and institutional mechanisms like COP and a secretariat.
• IEPFA launched Phase II of the Niveshak Didi initiative, aiming to boost rural financial literacy, empower women, and strengthen awareness on responsible investing.
• Indian scientists are developing PRATUSH, a lunar-orbit radiometer mission to study Cosmic Dawn and Reionization through faint hydrogen signals from the early universe.
• The Ministry of Tribal Affairs unveiled Adi Vaani, India’s first AI-powered tribal language translation platform, supporting Santali, Bhili, Mundari, and Gondi initially.
• NASA–ESA’s Solar Orbiter successfully traced Solar Energetic Electrons to solar flares and CMEs, offering insights into space weather and satellite disruption risks.
• The 21st edition of Yudh Abhyas 2025 began, enhancing India–US Army interoperability through tactical drills, operational exercises, and joint military preparedness.
• WHO reports say more than 1 billion people worldwide live with mental health disorders, mostly anxiety and depression, creating huge social and economic costs.
• India launched Vikram3201, its first 32-bit indigenous processor, at Semicon India 2025, marking a big step in chip design and space technology strength.
• Anti-immigration protests in Australia targeted Indian migrants, showing rising global worries about jobs, identity, and nationalism in developed countries.
• The PM launched a Bihar scheme to give women SHGs easy digital credit, boosting entrepreneurship, reducing high-interest debt, and empowering rural women.
• The new Immigration and Foreigners Order 2025 grants visa and passport exemptions for soldiers, neighbours, minorities, and Sri Lankan Tamil refugees.
• Russia and China signed an agreement for the Power of Siberia 2 pipeline, giving Russia new energy markets and strengthening China’s energy security.
• India approached the WTO against high US tariffs on copper products, aiming to protect its local industry and ensure fair global trade practices.
• APEDA started the BHARATI programme to help 100 agri-food startups grow, support innovation, and target 50 billion dollars in food exports by 2030.
• WHO reports highlight poor mental healthcare, with only 2 percent of budgets spent and a shortage of professionals, leaving millions without treatment.
• Exercise Maitree-XIV began in Meghalaya, where Indian and Thai armies train together to improve defence cooperation, joint operations, and friendship.
• The 56th GST Council meeting approved next-generation reforms, restructuring GST into two rates—5% and 18%—while scrapping the 12% and 28% slabs for simplification.
• Essential items like milk, paneer, chapati, and paratha exempted from GST, while medicines, toiletries, bicycles, and farm tools moved to 5% GST.
• Consumer relief measures included reducing GST on small cars, TVs, ACs, and home appliances from 28% to 18%, easing the burden on middle-class families.
• All life insurance and health insurance policies exempted from GST, making healthcare and financial protection more affordable for citizens across income groups.
• Luxury cars, tobacco, and aerated drinks placed under a higher 40% GST slab, ensuring sin and luxury goods contribute significantly to government revenue.
• Environment Audit Rules 2025 introduced, creating Environment Audit Designate Agency and Registered Environment Auditors, ensuring structured, impartial, and transparent environmental compliance monitoring.
• Cabinet approved a ₹1,500 crore incentive scheme under NCMM to promote recycling of critical minerals from e-waste, batteries, catalytic converters, and mineral-bearing scraps.
• Dadabhai Naoroji’s 200th birth anniversary celebrated nationwide, honoring his role as a reformer, economic thinker, INC leader, and advocate of the “Drain of Wealth” theory.
• Bhutan’s Prime Minister visited Nalanda University, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, symbolizing India’s ancient global academic influence and the university’s historical role in knowledge exchange.
• ‘Operation Black Forest,’ the largest anti-Naxal operation, launched on Karregutta hill along Chhattisgarh–Telangana border to dismantle Left-Wing Extremist strongholds in dense forests.
• Singapore PM Lawrence Wong visited India to mark 60 years of diplomatic ties, boosting cooperation in economy, space, digitalisation, skills, sustainability, and connectivity.
• India and Singapore agreed to institutionalize an Annual Ministerial Roundtable to review their Comprehensive Strategic Partnership and deepen collaboration across multiple sectors.
• The Sample Registration System 2023 Report showed India’s Total Fertility Rate dropped to 1.9, below replacement level, with Bihar highest and Delhi lowest.
• India inaugurated its largest Lithium-ion battery manufacturing plant in Haryana, projected to produce 20 crore packs annually, meeting 40% of India’s demand.
• Government renewed the Suspension of Operation Agreement with Kuki-Zo groups in Manipur, promoting peace, dialogue, and gradual reintegration of insurgent groups into the mainstream.
• The NIRF 2025 Rankings placed IIT Madras as overall topper, while IISc Bengaluru secured first rank in the Universities category, reinforcing their academic leadership.
• Under Mission Mausam, IMD will install four new radars in Jammu & Kashmir to improve forecasting, disaster preparedness, and agricultural advisories.
• India joined the HealthAI Global Regulatory Network to strengthen healthcare AI governance, ensuring ethical use, international collaboration, and access to global AI repositories.
• FSSAI and Ministry of Ayush released a list of Ayurveda Āhāra products, ensuring safety, standardisation, and authenticity of Ayurvedic food for consumers.
• Maharashtra surpassed Gujarat in port capacity with the inauguration of Bharat Mumbai Container Terminal’s second phase, boosting India’s maritime connectivity and logistics capabilities.
• The Self-Respect Movement, launched by Periyar in 1925, completes 100 years in 2025, shaping Dravidian politics and social justice reforms in Tamil Nadu.
• WMO’s 2025 Air Quality and Climate Bulletin highlights worsening winter fog in North India due to PM2.5, stubble burning, and temperature inversions.
• Global PM2.5 levels declined in North America, Europe, and East Asia, but South Asia continues facing severe air pollution and related health crises.
• Shipping emission rules under MARPOL VI improved air quality by reducing sulfur fuels but reduced cooling aerosols, slightly contributing to global warming.
• Ministry of Defence released TPCR 2025, a 15-year roadmap focusing on AI, robotics, cyber warfare, drones, and naval modernization for future warfare.
• India’s defence indigenization push includes Make-I, II, III projects, iDEX for startups, and Srijan Portal to localize high-value defence spare parts.
• AI copyright challenges rise globally, as lawsuits allege unauthorized use of books in training datasets, sparking debates over ownership, authorship, and innovation.
• India’s Copyright Act recognizes only human authors, but global examples like South Africa’s AI patent reflect growing pressure to reform IPR laws.
• Angikaar 2025 campaign under PMAY-U 2.0 launched to boost awareness, citizen participation, and inclusive benefits in sustainable urban housing development.
• NPCI raised UPI’s P2M transaction limit to ₹5 lakh with ₹10 lakh daily cap, while SWIFT moves towards ISO 20022 adoption.
• A Supreme Court judge recently recused from a bail case after repeated adjournments, raising concerns about judicial transparency and public trust in impartiality.
• The Forest Advisory Committee approved expanded exemptions for mineral exploration drilling in forests, easing approvals while maintaining certain ecological safeguards and borehole limits.
• India launched a ₹1,500 crore Incentive Scheme to promote domestic recycling of critical minerals from e-waste, lithium-ion batteries, and industrial scrap over six years.
• The ICIMOD report highlights underutilized renewable energy potential in the Hindu Kush Himalaya region, with only 6.1% clean energy contribution and untapped hydropower capacity.
• Punjab faces severe floods affecting 3.8 lakh people and submerging 1,902 villages, caused by heavy rainfall, dam releases, weak embankments, and poor coordination.
• Foreign nuclear equipment vendors flagged quality gaps in India’s mid- and lower-tier suppliers, emphasizing the need for standardization, training, and cybersecurity safeguards.
• The Ministry of Defence released TPCR-2025, detailing long-term plans for nuclear deterrence, drones, autonomous systems, and integrated multi-domain warfare capabilities over 15 years.
• US President Trump renamed the Department of Defense back to the Department of War, signaling a more offensive military posture and historical reference to wartime identity.
• The Union Government is considering transferring the Vice-President’s Z-plus security cover from Delhi Police to CRPF, aiming for uniformity, specialization, and improved efficiency.
• Recusal practices in India lack formal rules, creating risks of misuse, delays, and public distrust; experts recommend codified guidelines with recorded reasons and uniform standards.
• C.P. Radhakrishnan was elected as the 15th Vice-President of India on 10 September 2025, securing the second-highest constitutional office and chairmanship of Rajya Sabha.
• UNICEF’s Child Nutrition Report 2025 revealed obesity among children and adolescents has doubled since 2000, with 20% overweight and obesity nearly equaling underweight globally.
• The report highlighted ultra-processed foods’ affordability, aggressive marketing, and policy gaps as key drivers of rising childhood obesity, urging taxation, labelling reforms, and subsidy redirection.
• Nepal’s Prime Minister resigned after violent Gen Z-led protests against corruption, unemployment, and elite privileges, aggravated by social media bans and harsh state crackdowns.
• India expressed concern over Nepal’s political instability, reviewing the situation through the Cabinet Committee on Security, citing risks to trade, migration, and regional security interests.
• The Centre sought a detailed report on tribal rights issues in the Great Nicobar Island Project, particularly regarding FRA compliance and impacts on Shompens and Nicobarese.
• Environmental concerns over the project include potential biodiversity loss at Galathea Bay, a nesting site for endangered Leatherback Turtles and habitat of Nicobar Megapode.
• The Swachh Vayu Sarveshan 2025 recognized 11 best-performing cities under NCAP, with Indore, Jabalpur, Agra, and Surat leading among million-plus population cities.
• The UK–India Infrastructure Financing Bridge released recommendations to align procurement processes with global standards and manage risks to attract long-term infrastructure investment into India.
• A CLAMP-based study of fossil leaves in Nagaland revealed Antarctica’s climatic shifts significantly influenced the Indian monsoon system, offering insights into past and future climate change.
• Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana, launched in 2020, has been extended till 2025–26, creating 58 lakh fisheries livelihoods and empowering over 99,000 women.
• The scheme promotes women-oriented projects with up to 60% financial support, climate-resilient coastal villages, and sustainable aquaculture technologies like Biofloc and RAS.
• PM-MKSSY and the National Fisheries Digital Platform enable formalization, digitalization, and single-window benefit delivery to fishers under PMMSY initiatives.
• UN report warns global military spending reached $2.7 trillion in 2024, worsening SDG financing gaps, and recommends prioritizing peace, development, and transparency in defense budgets.
• China’s rare earth magnet export restrictions threaten India’s EV and renewable energy sectors, highlighting dependence on imports and the need for domestic REM production.
• India’s initiatives like the National Critical Mineral Mission and collaborations via IREL aim to secure REM supply chains and reduce import reliance.
• India–Mauritius relations strengthened through trade, FDI, development projects, and strategic cooperation in the Western Indian Ocean, highlighting cultural and historical ties.
• Scientists discovered a massive offshore aquifer under the Atlantic Ocean, containing roughly 1 million km³ freshwater, providing potential climate adaptation and water security solutions.
• Adi Sanskriti, launched by the Tribal Affairs Ministry, offers digital learning in tribal artforms, a socio-cultural repository, and an online marketplace to promote artisans’ livelihoods.
• ISRO and HAL collaboration on Small Satellite Launch Vehicles (SSLVs) aims at quick, on-demand launches for up to 500 kg payloads to lower Earth orbit.
• Albania created history by appointing Diella, an AI bot, as the world’s first AI Minister to manage tenders, aiming for transparency and efficiency.
• The MoEFCC exempted strategic mineral mining projects related to defence and atomic energy from public hearings under EIA 2006, citing security and investment needs.
• An IISER Bhopal study revealed India’s reservoirs lost nearly 50% of their storage capacity due to sedimentation, threatening power generation, flood control, and irrigation.
• India, the third-largest dam-owning nation, faces ageing dam infrastructure with seismic risks and limited funds, highlighting urgent need for modern safety technologies.
• A Lancet study (2010–2019) showed rising NCD mortality in India, contrasting with global declines, with heart disease and diabetes as leading contributors.
• India’s NCD burden has surged due to poor diets, sedentary lifestyles, pollution, stress, and urbanisation, demanding stronger healthcare and preventive policy interventions.
• The 11th Commonwealth Parliamentary Association India Region Conference was inaugurated in Bengaluru, providing a global platform for parliamentarians to share democratic practices.
• Himachal Pradesh urged the Finance Commission to reframe the Disaster Risk Index for fairer state allocations, citing vulnerability factors like floods, droughts, and poverty.
• HAL received the third of 99 GE F404-IN20 turbofan engines for Tejas Mk-1A fighter jets, ensuring stable supply and advancing indigenous defence capabilities.
• India licensed AdFalciVax, its first indigenous multi-stage malaria vaccine developed by ICMR, offering protection against Plasmodium falciparum with longer immunity and cost-effectiveness.
• MoEFCC approved translocation of eight tigers from Tadoba-Andhari and Pench to Sahyadri Tiger Reserve, aiming to revive populations and restore ecological balance.
• Union Government released annual licensing policy for opium cultivation 2025–26, with cultivation allowed only in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh under NDPS Act.
• India remains the only UN-authorized country to legally produce gum opium, with farmers required to sell the entire produce to the Central Bureau of Narcotics.
• SEBI introduced SWAGAT-FI framework and India Market Access Platform to simplify foreign investor participation and compliance in Indian securities markets.
• SEBI reclassified REITs as equity, relaxed IPO norms, and introduced AI-only AIF schemes, easing entry and boosting investments for accredited investors.
• Prime Minister launched Gyan Bharatam Portal to digitize, preserve, and make accessible India’s vast manuscript heritage of nearly 10 million texts in 80 scripts.
• Manuscripts hold cultural, scientific, and historical significance, with around 75% in Sanskrit and the rest in regional languages, reflecting India’s intellectual traditions.
• India supported the UN New York Declaration on Palestine, advocating ceasefire in Gaza, two-state solution, and balanced security for both Israel and Palestine.
• PM inaugurated Bairabi–Sairang railway line, providing Mizoram’s first direct rail connectivity, boosting logistics, socio-economic growth, and strategic integration with India.
• India participated in the 4th Coast Guard Global Summit in Rome, showcasing maritime security, search and rescue, law enforcement, and environmental protection efforts.
• Defence Procurement Manual 2025 prioritises self-reliance, streamlines revenue procurement, and encourages joint logistics across Army, Navy, and Air Force operations.
• Challenges in defence indigenisation include technological gaps, weak R&D, limited private sector involvement, import reliance, and higher short-term procurement costs.
• Initiatives like iDEX, Sudarshan Chakra Mission, FDI liberalisation, and SRIJAN Portal promote Indian defence manufacturing and MSME participation.
• India inaugurated its first bamboo-based bio-ethanol plant in Golaghat, Assam, using non-food bamboo to boost second-generation biofuel production and rural income.
• Bio-ethanol applications include transport fuel blends, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and bioplastics, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and supporting energy security.
• The Prime Minister highlighted North East India’s emergence as a growth driver, enhancing connectivity, infrastructure, and regional development under the Act East vision.
• Kerala approved a Wildlife Protection Act amendment granting state powers to kill dangerous animals and declare certain species as vermin amid rising human-animal conflicts.
• India held India–Iran–Uzbekistan and India–Iran–Armenia trilateral meetings to promote Chabahar Port, improve regional connectivity, and strengthen trade with Central Asia and the Caucasus.
• The Ho tribe protested against interference in their traditional Manki–Munda self-governance system, which manages village-level socio-political disputes in Jharkhand and Odisha.
• The Indian Navy commissioned Androth, an indigenously built anti-submarine warfare ship, equipped with lightweight torpedoes and advanced rockets for shallow coastal operations.
• NITI Aayog’s report on “AI for Viksit Bharat” projects AI could drive India’s GDP growth beyond 8% annually, bridging half the $6.6–8.3 trillion gap.
• AI adoption across industries, generative AI in R&D, and innovations in tech services are identified as three major unlocks for India’s economic acceleration.
• First National Conference of Parliamentary & Legislative Committees on Women Empowerment in Tirupati adopted the Tirupati Resolution, stressing governance with gender lens and digital inclusion.
• Women-led development was highlighted as a paradigm shift from welfare to agency, with India’s progress in grassroots leadership, STEMM education, and financial empowerment programs.
• India unveiled its first National Policy on Geothermal Energy, recognizing 381 hot springs and focusing on sustainable electricity generation, heating, cooling, and agriculture.
• India signed a 15-year exploration contract with the International Seabed Authority for polymetallic sulphides in Carlsberg Ridge, strengthening its deep-sea resource exploration strategy.
• Supreme Court clarified that political parties are not “workplaces” under the POSH Act, highlighting a legal gap for harassment redressal in political spaces.
• Bank of England proposed restrictions on stablecoin ownership citing systemic risks, financial crime concerns, and monetary policy challenges, reflecting global tensions between innovation and regulation.
• Indian Patent Office revoked Novartis’ Vymada patent under Section 3(d) of the Patents Act, reinforcing safeguards against “evergreening” and ensuring affordable access to medicines.
• Prime Minister inaugurated a sex-sorted semen facility under Rashtriya Gokul Mission to boost milk productivity, reduce male cattle burden, and strengthen indigenous breed conservation.
• The EU and India proposed a new strategic agenda with five pillars, aiming to boost prosperity, trade, clean energy, and technology cooperation by 2025.
• WTO’s World Trade Report 2025 highlights AI’s transformative role in global trade, reducing costs, boosting innovation, and creating inclusive growth pathways worldwide.
• Prime Minister launched the Adi Karmayogi Abhiyan to build grassroots tribal leadership, covering 11 crore tribals across one lakh villages for governance empowerment.
• The Indian Himalayan Region faced severe monsoon disasters in 2025 due to tectonic fragility, climate stress, and anthropogenic pressures like construction and encroachment.
• Disaster response in the Himalayan region involved NDMA, NDRF, armed forces, and technology like drones, satellites, and Doppler radars for effective relief and monitoring.
• UN Women’s Gender Snapshot 2025 revealed persisting inequalities in poverty, education, health, leadership, and digital access, urging stronger global action on gender justice.
• The Gender Snapshot stressed urgent actions under Beijing+30, including closing digital divides, ending violence, expanding healthcare, and ensuring women’s participation in decision-making.
• A UN legal review linked Israel’s conduct in Gaza with the Genocide Convention, reinforcing its importance as a cornerstone of international criminal law.
• The Indian government launched the Swasth Nari Sashakt Parivar Abhiyan to improve women’s health through screenings, preventive care, and real-time tracking via SASHAKT portal.
• The Election Commission revised Conduct of Elections Rules mandating candidate photographs on EVM ballot papers from 2025 Bihar elections to improve voter readability.
• CAG’s first consolidated report on state finances shows combined debt at 22.17% of GDP, breaching FRBM’s 20% debt target for 2024-25.
• Fiscal deficit levels vary sharply, with Gujarat at the lowest (0.76% of GSDP) and Himachal Pradesh highest (6.46%), above FRBM’s 3.5% benchmark.
• Rising state debt is driven by subsidies, farm loan waivers, welfare schemes, and high committed expenditure on salaries, pensions, and interest payments.
• The High Seas Treaty achieved 60 ratifications, set to enter into force, aiming for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction.
• India signed the High Seas Treaty in 2024 with the Ministry of Earth Sciences as the nodal agency, marking commitment to global marine conservation.
• PM laid the foundation of India’s first PM MITRA Park in Dhar, Madhya Pradesh, aiming to boost cotton-based textile infrastructure and global competitiveness.
• Seven PM MITRA Parks across India are expected to attract ₹70,000 crores investment, create nearly 20 lakh jobs, and boost textile exports significantly.
• Stanford researchers created the first AI-designed viral genome, using Evo AI to redesign bacteriophages capable of killing antibiotic-resistant bacteria effectively.
• CMLRE study revealed major ecological damage in the Arabian Sea from ELSA 3 shipwreck, causing heavy metal contamination and bioaccumulation in marine life.
• UN 1267 sanctions move to list BLA was blocked by the US, UK, and France, reflecting P5 geopolitical divides in counterterrorism efforts.
• The Supreme Court of India suggested decriminalising defamation, citing concerns over freedom of speech, press independence, and misuse to suppress dissent or criticism.
• The Union Government approved 25 lakh additional LPG connections under PM Ujjwala Yojana, taking the total to 10.58 crore for rural and marginalized households.
• Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger announced withdrawal from the International Criminal Court, alleging bias and neo-colonial influence, questioning ICC’s credibility and enforcement capacity.
• The Indian government extended the ban on NSCN (K) for five years under UAPA, citing ongoing insurgency, extortion, and threats to national sovereignty in North-East India.
• The Production Gap Report 2025 revealed global fossil fuel production plans exceed climate targets, with coal output 500% higher than levels compatible with 1.5°C warming limit.
• Over 20 people were killed in an explosion in Tirah Valley, Pakistan, highlighting persistent security challenges in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region near the Afghanistan border.
• ISRO unveiled Vyommitra, an AI-powered humanoid robot for the uncrewed Gaganyaan mission, capable of monitoring spacecraft systems and assisting with life support operations.
• ICAR launched Maitri 2.0, an India-Brazil agritech cross-incubation programme, promoting sustainable agriculture, digital adoption, and innovation exchange between startups and research institutions.
• Venezuela commenced military exercises on La Orchila Islands to strengthen defense capabilities amid increasing US military presence in the Caribbean region.
• The Prime Minister laid foundations for two hydroelectric projects, Heo and Tato-I, on Arunachal Pradesh’s Siyom River, enhancing regional energy infrastructure near the India-China border.
• Ministry of Commerce and Industry unveiled initiatives to cut logistics costs, improve supply chain efficiency, and boost real-time performance tracking nationwide.
• India’s logistics costs in FY 2023-24 were 7.97 percent of GDP worth ₹24.01 lakh crore with road transport having the largest share followed by storage and warehousing.
• Integrated State and City Logistics Plans under the SMILE program with ADB support will assess infrastructure gaps and improve logistics in eight pilot states.
• Logistics Data Bank 2.0 introduced by NICDC Logistics Data Services enables real-time container tracking, multimodal shipment visibility, and export monitoring.
• LEADS 2025 will evaluate logistics performance of states and union territories with new corridor performance assessments and API-based section speed monitoring.
• Ministry of Finance granted infrastructure status to large ships making them eligible for better funding, tax incentives, and measures to strengthen shipbuilding.
• United Kingdom Canada Portugal and Australia recognized Palestine as a sovereign state joining more than 140 UN members while India had recognized it in 1988.
• China activated the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory placed 700 meters underground which is now the world’s largest facility to study neutrino physics.
• India’s exports touched 184.13 billion US dollars in April to August 2025 as the manufacturing sector grew strongly in electronics, pharma, automobiles, and textiles.
• Germany deployed fighter jets after a Russian aircraft entered Baltic Sea airspace highlighting rising tensions in the region bordered by nine European nations.
• Supreme Court urged amendments to SARFAESI Act, ruling borrower’s redemption rights end after auction notice, highlighting legal inconsistencies and borrower protection issues.
• USA’s $100,000 H-1B visa fee presents India with opportunities to retain talent, boost start-ups, and strengthen domestic innovation and technology ecosystems.
• Visakhapatnam Declaration at the 28th e-Governance Conference emphasized citizen-centric governance, AI-driven services, digital literacy, cybersecurity, and inclusive development across India.
• India’s updated solar PV potential stands at 3,343 GWp, with Rajasthan and Maharashtra leading, but challenges include land acquisition, grid integration, and financing.
• Tamil Nadu approved ₹1,675-crore TN-SHORE mission, focusing on mangrove restoration, biodiversity conservation, and community-driven livelihood support for coastal resilience.
• India inaugurated its first overseas defence manufacturing unit in Morocco to produce DRDO-TASL developed WhAP 8×8, enhancing defence exports and strategic ties.
• OECD upgraded India’s GDP forecast for 2025 to 6.7% while moderating inflation to 2.9%, signaling economic resilience and macroeconomic stability.
• Super Typhoon Ragasa devastated the Philippines, demonstrating destructive power of tropical cyclones fueled by warm oceans, with winds exceeding 185 km/h.
• DRAVYA Portal launched on National Ayurveda Day, providing a digital database of Ayurvedic ingredients, integrating classical knowledge with modern scientific research.
• Approval granted for 2,200 MW Oju Hydroelectric Project on Subansiri River to boost clean energy in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.
• The Union Cabinet approved a ₹69,725 crore package to boost India’s shipbuilding sector, aiming to enhance domestic capacity, greenfield projects, financing, and skill development.
• Phase-III expansion of government medical colleges will add over 10,000 MBBS and PG seats, improving healthcare access in rural and underserved areas nationwide.
• By 2050, global cancer cases are expected to exceed 30.5 million, with 42% of deaths linked to preventable lifestyle and environmental risk factors.
• GST Appellate Tribunal (GSTAT) and e-Courts Portal were launched to enable online appeals, virtual hearings, and ensure uniform, transparent GST dispute resolution across India.
• J&K Police arrested an alleged Over Ground Worker involved in the Pahalgam terror attack, highlighting the role of civilians in logistical support to militants.
• Protests in Ladakh demand statehood and inclusion under the Sixth Schedule to safeguard tribal rights, cultural identity, and autonomous governance mechanisms.
• India hosted FIPIC meeting to strengthen cooperation with 14 Pacific Island nations in climate resilience, blue economy, trade, renewable energy, and cultural exchanges.
• RBI sold $2.54 billion in the spot forex market in July to provide liquidity, stabilize currency, and support exporters and importers in exchange rate management.
• China introduced a new ‘K Visa’ for foreign STEM talents, allowing multiple entries, extended stays, and enhanced research collaboration to boost its innovation ecosystem.
• NPCI, in collaboration with Qatar National Bank, enabled UPI-based QR payments in Qatar, expanding India’s digital payment footprint internationally for instant and secure transactions.
• WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies entered into force in Sept 2025, banning harmful subsidies to curb overfishing, supporting SDG-14, with India opting out.
• IUCN recognized India’s Dugong Conservation Reserve in Palk Bay, Tamil Nadu, highlighting its seagrass ecosystems crucial for biodiversity, carbon sinks, and dugong protection.
• MoSPI’s Environmental Accounting on Forest 2025 reported 17,444 sq. km rise in forest cover since 2010, with provisioning and regulating services valued at 2.79% GDP.
• Prime Minister laid foundation of Mahi Banswara Rajasthan Atomic Power Project, part of fleet-mode initiative, with four 700 MWe PHWRs to boost nuclear capacity.
• Uranium enrichment process gained focus amid Iran’s activities, highlighting gas centrifuge technology, enrichment levels for reactors, research, and weapons-grade uranium proliferation concerns.
• Government launched National Initiative on Water Security under MGNREGA, prioritizing groundwater recharge, river rejuvenation, and sustainable water management in stressed blocks.
• MoSPI’s Children in India 2025 report showed declines in infant and under-five mortality, school dropout rates, child marriage, alongside rise in adoptions and gender parity.
• UAE launched world’s first Sovereign Mobility Cloud to boost autonomous mobility, enabling AI-based transport management with benefits in road safety, traffic flow, and efficiency.
• DRDO and SFC successfully tested Agni-Prime missile from rail-based launcher, enhancing India’s strategic mobility with a 2000 km-range nuclear-capable ballistic system.
• EU initiated Eirshield “Drone Wall,” an AI-based multilayer defence system against unmanned threats, featuring early detection, real-time threat analysis, and countermeasures like GPS jamming.
• The US will impose a 100% tariff on branded drug imports from October 2025 unless manufacturers set up production within the country, affecting global pharma trade.
• India’s generic drug exports to the US, valued at around $10 billion, may face delays and added scrutiny depending on tariff interpretation.
• India remains a major global pharma player, third in production by volume, contributing 60% of vaccines worldwide and 75% of pharma exports in formulations and biologicals.
• UNICEF reports a decline in child marriages across Indian states, reflecting effective policy interventions and alignment with SDG 5 on gender equality.
• Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan showed notable reductions in child marriage prevalence, while states like Assam and Odisha introduced innovative, community-based programs.
• The Registrar General of India proposes retaining the 2011 urban definition for Census 2027, though critics cite gender bias, outdated criteria, and rural governance mismatches.
• Natural gas discovery in Andaman Basin (Sri Vijayapuram-2) estimates 371 MMTOE, supporting India’s gas-based economy target and reducing import dependence.
• R. Venkataramani re-appointed Attorney General of India; AG advises the government, represents in all courts, and participates in parliamentary proceedings without voting rights.
• AFSPA extended in parts of Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, and Nagaland for six months, allowing armed forces special powers in designated disturbed areas.
• India, along with G4, L.69, and C-10 groups, advocates UNSC reforms; meanwhile, Russia and Iran signed a $25 billion deal to build four nuclear power plants.
• Gokul Reservoir and Udaipur Lake in Bihar have been notified as Ramsar Sites, increasing India’s total Ramsar sites to 93, covering 13.6 lakh hectares.
• India’s Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve spanning Ladakh and Himachal Pradesh has been added to UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserves, raising India’s count to 13.
• A stampede at a political rally in Karur, Tamil Nadu, highlighted recurring crowd disasters in India, with nearly 4,000 incidents reported in three decades.
• NDMA guidelines stress crowd management through capacity planning, risk assessment, multiple entry–exit routes, and contingency measures to prevent tragedies like Karur’s stampede.
• BSNL launched India’s first fully indigenous 4G (5G-ready) telecom network with C-DOT, Tejas, and TCS, ensuring strategic autonomy and boosting local manufacturing.
• CPCB reported Delhi-NCR has India’s highest ozone pollution levels, followed by Mumbai, with ground-level ozone harming health, crops, and acting as a greenhouse gas.
• India hosted a Global South meeting at UNGA week, pushing for reforms in global governance institutions and highlighting South–South cooperation in sustainable development.
• The PM E-DRIVE scheme released guidelines for nationwide EV charging infrastructure, subsidies, and e-bus acquisition to accelerate electric mobility and green transport in India.
• Sonam Wangchuk was detained under the National Security Act, 1980, during Ladakh’s statehood movement, highlighting provisions allowing preventive detention up to twelve months.
• AstroSat, India’s first multi-wavelength space observatory, completed ten years, contributing to studies on black holes, neutron stars, star formation, and high-energy cosmic events.

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September 2025 Current Affairs Quiz

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