October Current Affairs PDF (Full Month of October)

Staying updated with current affairs is crucial for everyone preparing for competitive exams in India. Our current affairs of October 2025 aims to provide you with a comprehensive overview of the significant events and updates from this month. 

From global news to sports, and technology to entertainment, we cover all important areas to keep you well-informed. Additionally, we are offering a free October current affairs 2025 PDF download. 

This PDF is a convenient resource for those who prefer having all the information in one place. Whether you’re preparing for exams or just want to stay updated, our October 2025 current affairs PDF is a valuable tool. 

Highlights of Ocotber 2025 Current Affairs

• NCRB’s Crime in India 2023 report shows a 7.2% rise in cases, with cybercrime increasing sharply, especially fraud-related incidents in metropolitan areas.
• Crimes against vulnerable groups rose, with domestic cruelty forming nearly 30% of crimes against women, while crimes against Scheduled Tribes surged due to ethnic conflicts.
• NCRB’s Prison Statistics 2023 highlighted overcrowding at 120.8%, with 73.5% undertrials, poor mental health support, and rising custodial suicides needing urgent reforms.
• USA proposed a 20-point peace plan for the Israel–Gaza conflict, rooted in historical disputes since 1917’s Balfour Declaration and later wars like 1967 and 1973.
• A decade of UN SDGs shows India’s progress—poverty reduction of 135 million people, near-universal primary enrollment, and declining maternal mortality, though hunger remains unresolved.
• India showcased global dairy leadership at FAO, contributing 31% of agricultural GVA, ranking first in milk production, while challenges remain in fodder, insurance, and diseases.
• NBA sanctioned funds under ABS to raise one lakh Red Sanders saplings in Andhra Pradesh, promoting conservation of the endangered species threatened by illegal logging.
• India is exploring gold extraction from mine tailings to reduce import dependency, but environmental risks include acid mine drainage, metal leaching, and storage facility failures.
• Indian Army signed a contract with BEL for ‘Anant Shastra’, an indigenous QRSAM system with 30 km range, enhancing layered defence alongside Akash and S-400.
• Bathukamma festival in Telangana, a women-led floral celebration during Navratri, gained Guinness World Records recognition, showcasing its cultural vibrancy and global appeal.
• India–EFTA TEPA came into effect, ensuring $100 billion investment and one million jobs in India, linking trade commitments directly with investment and employment creation.
• EFTA members include Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland, with Switzerland being India’s largest trading partner among them, followed by Norway in importance.
• Under TEPA, EFTA offers duty-free access to all non-agricultural products while India safeguards sensitive sectors like dairy, coal, pharmaceuticals, and medical devices.
• The pact promotes services and mobility with MRAs for nursing, CA, and architecture, plus easier digital delivery, commercial presence, and temporary professional stays.
• Chemicals and allied exports get tariff elimination on 95% of India’s exports to EFTA, while India gains access to 80% of EFTA’s tariff lines.
• India protected its generic medicine industry under TEPA, ensuring commitments remain at TRIPS standards and preventing patent evergreening to safeguard affordable healthcare access.
• NCRB reported 4,44,104 accidental deaths in 2023, with traffic accidents causing nearly half of all fatalities, showing a rising year-on-year trend.
• Road accidents claimed 1,73,826 lives in 2023, mainly due to overspeeding and dangerous driving, with major hotspots near residential areas and educational institutions.
• NCRB also recorded 10,786 farmer suicides in 2023, contributing 6.3% of total suicides, while states like Bihar and West Bengal reported none.
• RBI replaced BPSS with a new Payments Regulatory Board chaired by the Governor, including experts in IT, cybersecurity, law, and payment systems regulation.
• The Union Cabinet approved a ₹11,440 crore, six-year Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses (2025–31) to achieve self-sufficiency and reduce import dependency.
• The Mission targets expanding pulses area to 310 lakh hectares and raising production to 350 lakh tonnes through climate-resilient seeds and regional interventions.
• NAFED and NCCF will procure 100% of pulses from farmers in participating states for four years to ensure assured returns and stability.
• MeitY released Draft Rules for Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming, 2025, banning money-based games and establishing an Online Gaming Authority of India.
• The rules propose mandatory registration of e-sports and social games with OGAI, along with strict penalties and a three-tier grievance redressal mechanism.
• India celebrated the Golden Jubilee of Regional Rural Banks (RRBs), marking 50 years of expanding rural credit and financial inclusion under NABARD’s supervision.
• RRBs now direct over 89% of their lending to priority sectors and hold significant shares in schemes like PMJDY and PM-Kisan.
• India and Russia marked 25 years of Strategic Partnership, highlighting deep cooperation in defence, trade, energy, and joint ventures like BrahMos missile development.
• Phase II of the Urban Flood Risk Management Programme was approved for 11 cities, focusing on flood resilience, early warning systems, and nature-based solutions.
• Himachal Pradesh’s snow leopard population rose by 62% to 83, showing success of Project Snow Leopard and community-based conservation in high-altitude habitats.
• The U.S. government faces its first shutdown since 2019 due to political deadlock over healthcare spending, halting federal operations under the Antideficiency Act.
• India’s dairy sector grew 70% in a decade, producing 239 million tonnes of milk in 2023–24, making it the world’s largest milk producer.
• The government launched the Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana to develop 100 aspirational agriculture districts with ₹24,000 crore over six years.
• Poland joined the NATO Pipeline System, investing €4.7 billion to boost fuel supply, energy security, and defence integration among NATO allies.
• Indian Immunologicals Ltd. introduced Raksha-IBR, India’s first indigenously developed DIVA marker vaccine to combat Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis in cattle.
• The Ministry of Panchayati Raj launched the Model Youth Gram Sabha initiative to engage school students in grassroots democracy through simulated Gram Sabha sessions.
• India received the prestigious ISSA Award 2025 for outstanding achievement in social security at the World Social Security Forum in Kuala Lumpur.
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveiled a ₹100 commemorative coin featuring ‘Bharat Mata’ to mark 100 years of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS).
• Qatar announced the opening of a museum in Doha dedicated to Indian artist M.F. Husain, celebrating his global influence on modern Indian art.
• Sanae Takaichi is set to become Japan’s first female Prime Minister after being elected leader of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP).
• The Ministry of Mines launched the Critical Mineral Recycling Incentive Scheme (CMRIS) to boost recycling of lithium, cobalt, nickel, and rare earths, enhancing mineral self-reliance.
• CMRIS aims to develop 270 KT annual recycling capacity, produce 40 KT of critical minerals, and attract ₹8,000 crore investment within six years.
• India inaugurated its first cooperative multi-feed Compressed Biogas (CBG) plant in Maharashtra, developed with NCDC support, to promote green energy and waste utilization.
• The CBG plant converts agricultural residues, cattle dung, and food waste into biofuel, strengthening rural income and reducing dependence on imported natural gas.
• The Prime Minister launched PM-SETU to upgrade 1,000 government ITIs into modern, industry-aligned skill hubs with a ₹60,000 crore outlay.
• PM-SETU will operate under a hub-and-spoke model with 200 hub ITIs and 800 spoke ITIs, focusing on innovation, incubation, and job-oriented training.
• Heavy rainfall triggered major landslides in Darjeeling and Kalimpong, underlining the Eastern Himalayas’ growing vulnerability to climate-induced disasters.
• The BRO built the world’s highest motorable road at Mig La Pass in Ladakh, standing 19,400 feet above sea level, strengthening border connectivity.
• The overflowing Koshi River, known as the “Sorrow of Bihar,” caused flood threats across Bihar and Nepal due to its shifting course and high sediment load.
• The Philippines established a coral larvae cryobank within the Coral Triangle to preserve marine biodiversity and aid future reef restoration against climate change. vast wealth-linked disparities.
• UNEP’s Adaptation Gap Report 2025 warns of a $310–365 billion annual finance gap for developing nations, urging urgent climate action
• WHO’s Global Report (2000–2024) shows global adult tobacco use dropped from 26.2% in 2010 to 19.5% in 2024, marking major health progress.
• Over 100 million people worldwide now use e-cigarettes, showing a worrying global shift from traditional tobacco to alternative nicotine products.
• India has 243.48 million tobacco users in 2024 but achieved a 43% reduction since 2010, surpassing WHO’s 30% reduction target for 2025.
• India’s key anti-tobacco laws include COTPA 2003, which bans smoking in public and selling tobacco to minors or near schools.
• Typhoon Matmo struck China’s Yunnan and Guangdong provinces, causing heavy rain, flooding, crop loss, transport disruption, and power outages.
• The Nobel Prize in Medicine 2025 went to Mary Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi for discoveries on immune tolerance and Treg cells.
• Their research on the FOXP3 gene revealed how mutations lead to autoimmune diseases and offered insights for cancer and transplant therapies.
• Russia’s recent missile strikes on Kharkiv and Poltava targeted Ukraine’s energy infrastructure, raising nuclear safety concerns near the Zaporizhzhia plant.
• India recorded its best-ever performance at the 2025 World Para Athletics Championships with 22 medals, including 6 golds, while also hosting the event.
• UNESCO appointed its first Arab Director-General, reflecting growing leadership diversity and commitment to global cooperation in education, science, and culture.
• John Clarke, Michel Devoret, and John Martinis (USA) won the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics for demonstrating quantum phenomena at human-visible scales using Josephson Junctions, bridging classical and quantum physics.
• India launched the Foreign Currency Settlement System at GIFT IFSC, enabling local USD transactions between IFSC Banking Units in minutes, reducing reliance on correspondent banks.
• NPCI unveiled UPI multi-signatory, forex on Bharat Connect, and cash withdrawals via micro ATMs, boosting fintech access, inclusion, and business efficiency.
• Central and State Co-operative Banks are now under RB-IOS 2021, providing unified grievance redressal with compensation up to ₹20 lakh and additional relief for mental distress.
• CBIC implemented system-based auto-approval for IFSC registration to enhance transparency, reduce processing time, and improve ease of doing business.
• Nagpur’s man-made Futala Lake is not classified as a wetland under 2017 rules, but remains protected under the Public Trust Doctrine and the right to a healthy environment.
• Taliban officials formally participated in the 7th Moscow Format meeting for the first time, reflecting growing regional engagement despite ongoing governance concerns.
• INTERPOL’s Operation HAECHI-VI, supported by South Korea, arrested eight suspects in global cyber-financial crimes targeting fraud, money laundering, and online scams.
• Over ₹10,900 crore was sanctioned under PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana to provide 1 crore homes with free rooftop solar electricity, offering up to 300 units per month.
• China launched the Polar Silk Route via the Arctic, and the Indian Navy commissioned INS Androth, an advanced anti-submarine warfare vessel, enhancing maritime surveillance and defence.
• NITI Aayog launched an AI roadmap to empower 490 million informal workers through Mission Digital ShramSetu, focusing on AI-driven upskilling, digital inclusion, and linking workers with e-SHRAM and UDYAM platforms.
• The draft ‘Shram Shakti Niti 2025’ envisions universal social security via a Unified Account, promotes green jobs, simplifies compliance, and targets 35% women’s labour force participation by 2030.
• The 2025 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Susumu Kitagawa, Richard Robson, and Omar Yaghi for developing Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs), a breakthrough material with wide industrial and environmental applications.
• MOFs are ultra-porous crystalline materials with huge internal surfaces, capable of gas storage, water harvesting, and CO₂ capture—one gram of MOF equals the surface area of a football field.
• India plans to expand the PM–KUSUM scheme to add 34,800 MW of solar capacity by 2026, enabling farmers to become clean energy producers and reducing dependence on diesel-based irrigation.
• The National e-Governance Division and NeSL introduced Electronic Bank Guarantees (e-BGs) to replace paper guarantees, ensuring faster, fraud-free, and real-time digital verification.
• Russia withdrew from the Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement with the U.S., ending cooperation on disposing of 34 metric tons of weapons-grade plutonium and signaling rising strategic tensions.
• Plutonium, a radioactive metal (Pu, Atomic No. 94), is central to nuclear weapons and energy; its control remains vital for global security and non-proliferation.
• The Great Green Wall project in Africa aims to restore 100 million hectares of degraded land and create 10 million green jobs by 2030, but continues to face implementation and funding challenges.
• The Agrienics Programme by MeitY, implemented by C-DAC Kolkata, integrates electronics and ICT with agriculture to enhance productivity, promote precision farming, and drive digital rural transformation. The Indian Navy commissioned INS Androth, an advanced anti-submarine warfare vessel, enhancing maritime surveillance and defence.
• India and the UK reaffirmed their Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, focusing on trade, defence, and technology, with new agreements on critical minerals and maritime security cooperation.
• The Supreme Court ruled that age limits under the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, won’t apply retrospectively, protecting couples who began the surrogacy process before January 2022.
• China imposed strict export controls on rare earth minerals, tightening global supply chains for semiconductors, AI, and defense technologies, raising global economic and strategic tensions.
• India launched the National Red List Roadmap (2025–2030) to assess 11,000 species and strengthen biodiversity conservation through national-level data-driven evaluations.
• Kerala introduced the Wildlife Protection (Kerala Amendment) Bill, 2025, to gain faster action against wild boar attacks, challenging Centre–State dynamics in environmental governance.
• Meta selected Mumbai and Visakhapatnam as landing sites for its ‘Waterworth’ undersea cable project to boost India’s role in global digital connectivity infrastructure.
• The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2026 ranked the University of Oxford first globally, with IISc Bengaluru maintaining India’s top position in the 201–250 band.
• Hungarian author László Krasznahorkai won the 2025 Nobel Prize in Literature for his philosophical and deeply human exploration of existential despair and social decay.
• Astronomers discovered a young rogue planet still forming in deep space, offering rare insights into planetary formation beyond traditional solar systems.
• The Indian Army inducted the indigenous SAKSHAM Counter-Drone System, enhancing battlefield airspace security through advanced detection, jamming, and kinetic neutralisation capabilities.
• Afghanistan’s Taliban Foreign Minister met India’s S. Jaishankar in New Delhi, marking the first high-level engagement since 2021, assuring that Afghan territory won’t be used for terrorism. India plans to reopen its full embassy in Kabul to strengthen diplomatic and trade ties.
• The engagement aims to balance strategic influence amid growing Chinese and Pakistani presence, reinforce counterterrorism measures, and allow India pragmatic diplomatic interaction without formal recognition.
• The Supreme Court ruled that the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, age limits cannot be applied retrospectively, protecting couples who started surrogacy before January 2022. Reproductive autonomy is reaffirmed as part of Article 21, personal liberty.
• The judgment promotes equality in parenthood, questions age barriers in assisted reproduction, and ensures state regulation cannot invalidate prior lawful surrogacy arrangements.
• Shram Shakti Niti 2025 draft policy envisions an inclusive, secure, and productive labour ecosystem, emphasizing protection, productivity, and participation for all workers.
• Key digital reforms include NCS 2.0 and the Integrated Labour Stack for AI-driven employment matching, seamless social protection, and data interoperability across labour schemes.
• Policy focuses on universal social security, increasing women’s workforce participation to 35% by 2030, occupational safety, green jobs, and formalisation through skill ecosystem expansion.
• The Supreme Court is reviewing the constitutional validity of Securities Transaction Tax (STT), with arguments about increased costs, reduced liquidity, and double taxation versus revenue stability and transparency.
• Sawalkote Hydroelectric Project in Jammu & Kashmir received fresh environmental clearance, ensuring compliance with updated EIA norms, seismic safety, and biodiversity protection for its 1,856 MW capacity.
• India will launch Bharat Taxi, a cooperative-driven national ride-hailing platform with digital integration through government services, supported by key cooperative institutions for strategic and technical guidance.
• India will reopen its embassy in Kabul, marking the first full diplomatic engagement with the Taliban since 2021 to safeguard regional stability and humanitarian interests.
• Jaishankar’s meeting with Taliban FM Muttaqi signals a pragmatic policy shift from aid-only engagement to cautious normalization.
• India–UK will set up a Connectivity and Innovation Centre to boost cooperation in 6G, AI-driven telecom, and cybersecurity under the Technology Security Initiative.
• The CIC will link academia and industry for joint research, field trials, and standard-setting in next-gen digital technologies.
• India will host the UN Troop Contributing Countries Chiefs’ Conclave 2025 in New Delhi, uniting 32 nations to discuss peacekeeping reforms.
• The conclave will strengthen coordination, inclusivity, and technology use in global UN missions while reinforcing India’s peacekeeping leadership.
• The Gaza Peace Summit 2025, co-hosted by the U.S. and Egypt, aims to finalize a Gaza ceasefire framework, disarm Hamas, and plan reconstruction.
• India’s participation in the Gaza Summit reflects its balanced diplomacy supporting peace, humanitarian aid, and the two-state solution.
• PM Modi launched the PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana and Pulse Self-Reliance Mission to modernize agriculture and achieve independence in pulses production.
• The Pulse Mission targets 35 MMT output by FY 2031, 100% MSP procurement, and 1,000 new processing units to boost farmers’ income.
• The GEI Target Rules 2025 make emission cuts legally binding on 282 industrial units, linking compliance to India’s carbon credit trading scheme.
• The SPARK 4.0 initiative by CCRAS promotes Ayurvedic research among BAMS students to integrate traditional knowledge with modern science.
• President Murmu praised the Siddi community for achieving 72% literacy and urged continued focus on education-driven empowerment.
• India approved Maitri II, a ₹2,000 crore green Antarctic research station, enhancing polar research and geopolitical presence by 2029.
• The Sawalkote Hydropower Project (1,856 MW) in J&K got clearance, the first since India suspended the Indus Waters Treaty with Pakistan.
• SECL’s “Kabad Se Kalakriti” used 800 kg scrap to create defence models, promoting “Waste to Wealth” and national sustainability awareness.
• India and Mongolia marked 70 years of diplomatic ties and 10 years of their strategic partnership with new MoUs on oil refinery, culture, and spiritual cooperation.
• India reaffirmed its $1.7 billion Line of Credit for the Mongol Oil Refinery Project.
• Ladakh and Mongolia’s Arkhangai Province signed a pact to boost cultural and people-to-people exchanges.
• India will send relics of Buddha’s disciples and digitize ancient Buddhist manuscripts to deepen spiritual links.
• Free e-visas for Mongolians and collaborations on critical minerals, uranium, and supply chains were announced.
• India’s 2025 Global Hunger Index rank is 102/123, with a “Serious” score of 25.8, highlighting stagnation since 2016.
• Conflict, climate change, economic fragility, and inequality remain key drivers of global hunger.
• The Forest Declaration Assessment 2025 reported global deforestation at 8.1 million ha in 2024—63% above the required rate to meet 2030 goals.
• Harmful subsidies outpace green finance by 200:1, undermining forest restoration and climate goals.
• The 2025 IUCN Red List update uplisted 4 Indian bird species and downlisted 8, with grassland loss a major threat.
• Over 50% of global bird species are declining, while the Green Sea Turtle has improved to “Least Concern.”
• The Nile River’s recent floods affected South Sudan, emphasizing transboundary water management challenges.
• India’s Law Ministry launched the “Live Cases” Dashboard under LIMBS for real-time monitoring of government litigation.
• CBI’s Operation Chakra-V targeted cross-border cybercrime networks across southern India with global coordination.
• A new NSG hub will be established in Ayodhya to strengthen India’s counter-terror response capacity.
• IMF’s latest World Economic Outlook raised India’s 2025–26 GDP forecast to 6.6%, projecting steady medium-term growth.
• The Codex Committee on Spices and Culinary Herbs met in Guwahati to harmonize global spice standards under India’s leadership.
• Google announced a $15 billion AI Hub in Visakhapatnam — its largest investment in India — featuring data centers, AI infrastructure, and subsea connectivity.
• NITI Aayog’s Blue Economy report (2025) targets US$100 billion by 2030, focusing on sustainable deep-sea and offshore fisheries.
• Only 90 harbours can handle large deep-sea vessels, and India lacks a strong legal framework for its EEZ, enabling IUU fishing.
• India’s fisheries potential is 7.16 million tonnes, but deep-sea potential remains underused due to poor infrastructure and outdated vessels.
• Schemes like PMMSY (₹20,050 crore) and FIDF aim to modernize vessels and fisheries infrastructure.
• NITI Aayog recommends fleet modernization, tech integration (GPS, sonar), and gradual subsidy cuts for sustainable fisheries.
• The PM GatiShakti NMP marked 4 years with new initiatives like PM GatiShakti Public for private access to geospatial data.
• PM GatiShakti–Offshore was introduced to manage offshore wind, marine, and coastal projects under the Blue Economy vision.
• District Master Plans (DMP) launched for 112 Aspirational Districts to boost data-driven infrastructure and regional development.
• LEAPS 2025 Awards will reward innovation and ESG leadership in logistics under the National Logistics Policy.
• RBI launched Unified Lending Interface (ULI) — a credit ecosystem DPI integrating tax, income, and credit data for faster loans.
• RBI’s CBDC Retail Sandbox enables fintechs to test digital rupee payment systems safely.
• A blockchain pilot for tokenising Certificates of Deposit (CDs) aims to improve liquidity and transparency.
• Economics Nobel 2025 went to Mokyr, Aghion, and Howitt for explaining innovation-driven growth and “creative destruction.”
• IUCN Green Status 2025 labelled tigers as “Critically Depleted”, extinct in 9 regions, but holding 75% of their population in India.
• CRS Report 2023 showed India’s sex ratio at birth = 928, birth registration 98.4%, and death registration 97.2%.
• Israel–Gaza Peace Deal signed after two years of war; hostages freed, and Israel withdrew to a new buffer line.
• India welcomed the truce, supporting diplomatic peace and balanced West Asia relations.
• EPFO’s Vishwas Scheme allows employers to settle delayed PF dues with reduced penalties to cut litigation.
• Pakistan offered to the U.S. to develop Port Pasni, near Gwadar and Chabahar, aiming to attract U.S. investment and diversify partnerships.
• RBI Governor urged global central banks to prioritise CBDCs over private stablecoins, citing stronger regulation, sovereign backing, and better monetary control.
• India’s CBDC, the Digital Rupee, operates in pilot mode with retail (e₹-R) and wholesale (e₹-W) versions, offering instant, secure digital payments.
• Left Wing Extremism in India has sharply declined — only 3 Chhattisgarh districts remain severely affected, with full eradication aimed by 2026.
• The government’s anti-LWE strategy combines security action (SAMADHAN), financial inclusion, tribal development, and community trust-building.
• The decline of Pax Americana reflects U.S. policy failures, reduced global engagement, and the rise of China’s assertive economic influence.
• Global power dynamics are shifting toward a multipolar order, creating strategic opportunities for India to act as a balancing power through BRICS and G20.
• The Supreme Court allowed limited use of green crackers in Delhi–NCR, balancing environmental concerns with cultural practices under strict monitoring.
• India and Canada have agreed on a new roadmap to rebuild ties, focusing on energy, clean tech, and scientific cooperation after years of diplomatic tension.
• India was elected unopposed to the UN Human Rights Council for the 2026–28 term, marking its seventh tenure to promote global human rights.
• Indian conservationist Vivek Menon became Chair of the IUCN Species Survival Commission, while REDD+ projects showed limited real success in cutting deforestation.
• The IUCN World Conservation Congress 2025 in Abu Dhabi adopted a 20-year vision, a 4-year programme, and key resolutions on fossil fuels, ecocide, and synthetic biology.
• Over 100 new members joined IUCN, including six new states like Armenia and Zimbabwe, expanding global conservation participation.
• The abolition of the GST Compensation Cess has raised concerns over states’ fiscal autonomy and revenue shortfalls.
• States’ dependence on central transfers, limited tax powers, and declining devolution highlight structural fiscal imbalances in India.
• The FAO recognized the SAIME initiative in the Sundarbans for promoting sustainable aquaculture integrated with mangrove conservation.
• The State Mining Readiness Index 2025 ranked Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Gujarat as top performers in sustainable mineral development.
• A GRAIN report warned that FTAs aligned with the 1991 UPOV Convention could undermine farmers’ traditional seed rights.
• Ahmedabad has been proposed to host the 2030 Commonwealth Games, marking the centenary of the global sporting event.
• Google DeepMind’s AI model C2S-Scale achieved a breakthrough in cancer research by generating and validating new biological hypotheses.
• UNEP’s “State of Finance for Forests 2025” revealed a $216 billion annual funding gap, urging greater private investment in forest conservation.
• The IUCN World Conservation Congress 2025 in Abu Dhabi adopted a 20-year vision, a 4-year programme, and key resolutions on fossil fuels, ecocide, and synthetic biology.
• Over 100 new members joined IUCN, including six new states like Armenia and Zimbabwe, expanding global conservation participation.
• The abolition of the GST Compensation Cess has raised concerns over states’ fiscal autonomy and revenue shortfalls.
• States’ dependence on central transfers, limited tax powers, and declining devolution highlight structural fiscal imbalances in India.
• The FAO recognized the SAIME initiative in the Sundarbans for promoting sustainable aquaculture integrated with mangrove conservation.
• The State Mining Readiness Index 2025 ranked Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Gujarat as top performers in sustainable mineral development.
• A GRAIN report warned that FTAs aligned with the 1991 UPOV Convention could undermine farmers’ traditional seed rights.
• Ahmedabad has been proposed to host the 2030 Commonwealth Games, marking the centenary of the global sporting event.
• Google DeepMind’s AI model C2S-Scale achieved a breakthrough in cancer research by generating and validating new biological hypotheses.
• UNEP’s “State of Finance for Forests 2025” revealed a $216 billion annual funding gap, urging greater private investment in forest conservation.
• India and Mongolia marked 70 years of diplomatic ties and 10 years of their strategic partnership with new MoUs on oil refinery, culture, and spiritual cooperation.
• India reaffirmed its $1.7 billion Line of Credit for the Mongol Oil Refinery Project.
• Ladakh and Mongolia’s Arkhangai Province signed a pact to boost cultural and people-to-people exchanges.
• India will send relics of Buddha’s disciples and digitize ancient Buddhist manuscripts to deepen spiritual links.
• Free e-visas for Mongolians and collaborations on critical minerals, uranium, and supply chains were announced.
• India’s 2025 Global Hunger Index rank is 102/123, with a “Serious” score of 25.8, highlighting stagnation since 2016.
• Conflict, climate change, economic fragility, and inequality remain key drivers of global hunger.
• The Forest Declaration Assessment 2025 reported global deforestation at 8.1 million ha in 2024—63% above the required rate to meet 2030 goals.
• Harmful subsidies outpace green finance by 200:1, undermining forest restoration and climate goals.
• The 2025 IUCN Red List update uplisted 4 Indian bird species and downlisted 8, with grassland loss a major threat.
• Over 50% of global bird species are declining, while the Green Sea Turtle has improved to “Least Concern.”
• The Nile River’s recent floods affected South Sudan, emphasizing transboundary water management challenges.
• India’s Law Ministry launched the “Live Cases” Dashboard under LIMBS for real-time monitoring of government litigation.
• CBI’s Operation Chakra-V targeted cross-border cybercrime networks across southern India with global coordination.
• A new NSG hub will be established in Ayodhya to strengthen India’s counter-terror response capacity.
• IMF’s latest World Economic Outlook raised India’s 2025–26 GDP forecast to 6.6%, projecting steady medium-term growth.
• The Codex Committee on Spices and Culinary Herbs met in Guwahati to harmonize global spice standards under India’s leadership.
• Google announced a $15 billion AI Hub in Visakhapatnam — its largest investment in India — featuring data centers, AI infrastructure, and subsea connectivity.
• RBI Governor urged global central banks to prioritise CBDCs over private stablecoins, citing stronger regulation, sovereign backing, and better monetary control.
• India’s CBDC, the Digital Rupee, operates in pilot mode with retail (e₹-R) and wholesale (e₹-W) versions, offering instant, secure digital payments.
• Left Wing Extremism in India has sharply declined — only 3 Chhattisgarh districts remain severely affected, with full eradication aimed by 2026.
• The government’s anti-LWE strategy combines security action (SAMADHAN), financial inclusion, tribal development, and community trust-building.
• The decline of Pax Americana reflects U.S. policy failures, reduced global engagement, and the rise of China’s assertive economic influence.
• Global power dynamics are shifting toward a multipolar order, creating strategic opportunities for India to act as a balancing power through BRICS and G20.
• The Supreme Court allowed limited use of green crackers in Delhi–NCR, balancing environmental concerns with cultural practices under strict monitoring.
• India and Canada have agreed on a new roadmap to rebuild ties, focusing on energy, clean tech, and scientific cooperation after years of diplomatic tension.
• India was elected unopposed to the UN Human Rights Council for the 2026–28 term, marking its seventh tenure to promote global human rights.
• Indian conservationist Vivek Menon became Chair of the IUCN Species Survival Commission, while REDD+ projects showed limited real success in cutting deforestation.
• The IUCN World Conservation Congress 2025 in Abu Dhabi adopted a 20-year vision, a 4-year programme, and key resolutions on fossil fuels, ecocide, and synthetic biology.
• Over 100 new members joined IUCN, including six new states like Armenia and Zimbabwe, expanding global conservation participation.
• The abolition of the GST Compensation Cess has raised concerns over states’ fiscal autonomy and revenue shortfalls.
• States’ dependence on central transfers, limited tax powers, and declining devolution highlight structural fiscal imbalances in India.
• The FAO recognized the SAIME initiative in the Sundarbans for promoting sustainable aquaculture integrated with mangrove conservation.
• The State Mining Readiness Index 2025 ranked Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Gujarat as top performers in sustainable mineral development.
• A GRAIN report warned that FTAs aligned with the 1991 UPOV Convention could undermine farmers’ traditional seed rights.
• Ahmedabad has been proposed to host the 2030 Commonwealth Games, marking the centenary of the global sporting event.
• Google DeepMind’s AI model C2S-Scale achieved a breakthrough in cancer research by generating and validating new biological hypotheses.
• UNEP’s “State of Finance for Forests 2025” revealed a $216 billion annual funding gap, urging greater private investment in forest conservation.
• WHO’s Global Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance Report 2025 warned that 1 in 6 infections is antibiotic-resistant, with South-East Asia and Africa as major hotspots.
• India, China, and Pakistan together accounted for 41% of global bloodstream infection reports, highlighting the regional AMR burden.
• UNDP’s Global MPI 2025 found 1.1 billion people living in acute multidimensional poverty, with India reducing poverty to 16.4%.
• The Supreme Court formed a committee to draft a National Equal Opportunity Policy for transgender persons due to gaps in the 2019 Act.
• The 8th Codex Committee session in India finalized standards for Vanilla, Large Cardamom, and Coriander, raising the total to 19 spices.
• India’s gold reserves crossed $100 billion for the first time, making up nearly 15% of total forex reserves, as RBI diversifies assets.
• IEA’s “Delivering Sustainable Fuels: Pathways to 2035” projected a fourfold rise in sustainable fuel use, crucial for aviation and heavy transport.
• A study confirmed India’s indigenous Rotavac vaccine’s high real-world effectiveness against rotavirus, validating domestic vaccine innovation.
• Bathouism, the indigenous faith of the Bodo community, will receive a separate code in the Census, recognizing its ecological and cultural roots.
• FSSAI banned drinks from using “ORS” unless they follow WHO standards to prevent consumer misinformation.
• NITI Aayog’s “We Rise” initiative aims to empower women-led MSMEs through trade facilitation, mentorship, and global partnerships.
• The FAO celebrated 80 years of partnership with India, reaffirming joint efforts toward food security and sustainable agriculture.
• CAQM activates Stage-II GRAP in NCR due to worsening air quality, restricting coal, firewood, and diesel generators.
• GRAP manages Delhi-NCR air pollution in four stages, monitoring pollutants like PM2.5, NO2, and CO.
• The US and Australia sign a Critical Minerals Framework to reduce dependence on China and secure essential minerals.
• Chandrayaan-2’s CHACE-2 detects lunar exosphere changes caused by a solar Coronal Mass Ejection.
• European Council approves EU-India Strategic Agenda to strengthen bilateral ties across economy, tech, and security.
• Sanae Takaichi becomes Japan’s first female Prime Minister, advancing gender inclusivity in politics.
• Government releases gallantry award citations recognizing armed forces’ bravery on Republic and Independence Days.
• Indian Rupee hits record low; REER indicates continued undervaluation affecting export competitiveness.
• CAMI launched by Central Asian nations to protect 17 migratory mammal species and promote biodiversity.
• WHO recognizes Fiji as the 26th country to eliminate trachoma, with India as a model for NTD control.
• The OPSA released ‘Future Farming in India: AI Playbook for Agriculture’ under the AI for India 2030 initiative, promoting responsible and scalable AI integration in agriculture.
• The playbook highlights AI use in intelligent crop planning, smart farming, and farm-to-fork solutions to boost productivity, sustainability, and market efficiency.
• It introduces the IMPACT AI framework built on Enable, Create, and Deliver pillars to foster innovation and farmer awareness in AI adoption.
• FAO’s Global Forest Resources Assessment 2025 shows global forests cover 4.14 billion hectares, with deforestation slowing and carbon stocks rising.
• India now ranks 9th globally in total forest area and 5th in rubber plantation coverage, contributing around 2% to global forest area.
• The Sevilla Forum on Debt was launched at UNCTAD-16 to address global debt distress and promote sustainable debt management for developing nations.
• MeitY proposed amendments to IT Rules 2021 to regulate AI-generated content, mandating clear labeling and stricter moderation by social media platforms.
• The State of Global Air 2025 report found air pollution caused about 2 million deaths in India in 2023, a 43% increase since 2000.
• UNEP’s An Eye on Methane 2025 report warned that methane contributes nearly one-third of global warming and urged immediate emission reduction efforts.
• Google demonstrated the Quantum Echoes Algorithm on its Willow chip, achieving verifiable quantum advantage with computations 13,000 times faster than supercomputers.
• IIT Kanpur conducted a cloud seeding trial over Delhi to induce artificial rain and reduce pollution.
• Cloud seeding enhances rainfall using agents like silver iodide, but has limited effectiveness and toxicity concerns.
• The Centre asked the CJI to recommend a successor as per Article 124(2) and the seniority convention.
• Judicial appointments follow the Collegium system; the 2015 verdict retained it after NJAC was struck down.
• RBI warned that geopolitical tensions may disrupt cross-border payments, affecting trade and remittances.
• India remains the top remittance recipient; UPI-PayNow and similar linkages aim to boost global payments.
• RBI cautioned states against pre-election populist spending that could raise fiscal deficits and inflation.
• The Defence Acquisition Council approved ₹79,000 crore projects, including Nag Missile Mk-II and HMVs.
• India was re-elected Vice-Chair for Asia-Pacific at UNESCO’s Anti-Doping Convention, promoting clean sport.
• India’s overseas education remittances under LRS fell to an eight-year low, capped at USD 2,50,000 yearly.
• IAF joined Exercise Ocean Sky 2025 in Spain, its first as a non-NATO nation, improving global interoperability.
• WTO credited India’s DFTP scheme for boosting exports from Least Developed Countries.
• Blockchain technology is transforming Indian governance by ensuring transparency, security, and efficiency across sectors like property management, logistics, judiciary, and digital certification systems.
• The National Blockchain Framework 2024, including Vishvasya Blockchain Stack and Praamaanik, aims to standardize blockchain adoption and promote trust-based governance in India.
• The Supreme Court ruled that the Right to Privacy is integral to Freedom of Religion, protecting individuals’ choice of faith from state interference.
• The judgment emphasized that anti-conversion laws must respect personal autonomy under Articles 21 and 25, reaffirming India’s secular and constitutional balance.
• Experts warned that weakening multilateralism threatens global cooperation amid crises like climate change, conflict, and digital governance challenges.
• Institutional inefficiencies in bodies like the UN and WTO have accelerated the shift toward regional and minilateral alliances such as QUAD and BRICS.
• Saudi Arabia’s abolition of the Kafala System improves labour rights for 13 million migrant workers, including 2.6 million Indians, aligning with global standards.
• The Maldives became the first country to eliminate mother-to-child transmission of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B through effective vaccination and screening programs.
• Afghanistan’s planned Kunar River dam may strain relations with Pakistan by affecting downstream water flow, as no bilateral water-sharing treaty exists.
• RBI exempted the government-backed SWAMIH Fund from new AIF rules, enabling continued support for stalled affordable housing projects under Housing for All.
• India and ASEAN adopted the ASEAN–India Plan of Action (2026–2030) and declared 2026 as the “ASEAN–India Year of Maritime Cooperation” to enhance regional ties.
• The MAHA–MedTech Mission, launched by ANRF with ICMR and Gates Foundation, aims to boost indigenous medical technology innovation and reduce import dependence.
• Constitutional morality, as envisioned by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, promotes adherence to constitutional values to combat social evils like casteism and gender inequality.
• The IUCN World Heritage Outlook 4 listed India’s Western Ghats as of “Significant Concern” due to habitat loss, invasive species, and climate change threats.
• Seventy-two nations signed the UN Convention Against Cybercrime in Hanoi, creating the first global legal framework to prevent and prosecute digital offences.
• India’s coffee exports reached USD 1.8 billion in 2024–25, with Karnataka producing nearly two-thirds of the country’s total coffee output.
• Prof. Jayant Vishnu Narlikar was posthumously awarded the Vigyan Ratna 2025 for his pioneering work on the Hoyle–Narlikar theory of gravity.
• The National Biodiversity Authority released funds to Biodiversity Management Committees in Uttar Pradesh and Sikkim to strengthen local biodiversity conservation initiatives.
• IMF’s Global Financial Stability Report (April 2025) warned that rising interest rates and geopolitical tensions have increased global financial instability and sovereign risks.
• The Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project in Assam–Arunachal Pradesh completed its test run, marking progress toward commissioning Northeast India’s largest hydropower project.
• China’s Naval Deployment: China’s new naval fleet deployment in the Gulf of Aden underscores intensifying strategic competition in the Western Indian Ocean Region (WIOR).
• India’s Strategic Role: India strengthens its Indo-Pacific partnerships and promotes its SAGAR doctrine to ensure regional maritime security and sustainable blue economy growth.
• Rising Chinese Influence: China’s military bases and port infrastructure in Djibouti and Gwadar challenge India’s influence and security balance in the WIOR.
• UCG Draft Guidelines: Government released draft guidelines for Underground Coal Gasification to promote cleaner coal utilization with strict environmental and mine closure safeguards.
• Coal Gasification Challenges: India faces high capital costs, technological limitations, and poor coal quality, making domestic gasification less viable than imported natural gas.
• Electronics Manufacturing Boost: The ₹22,919 crore Electronics Component Manufacturing Scheme (ECMS), 2025 aims to enhance India’s self-reliance and global competitiveness in electronics.
• Gyan Bharatam Mission: Government partners with 17 institutions to digitize over one crore manuscripts, preserving India’s traditional knowledge through AI and blockchain technology.
• Panda Diplomacy 2.0: China extends soft power by gifting golden snub-nosed monkeys to Europe, mirroring its long-standing “Panda Diplomacy” to strengthen international ties.
• Loktak Lake Concern: Study links land-use changes to pollution in Manipur’s Loktak Lake, threatening its Ramsar status and habitat of the endangered Sangai deer.
• Japan’s Yen Stablecoin: Japan launches the world’s first yen-pegged stablecoin, bridging blockchain innovation with traditional finance to promote secure, low-cost digital transactions.
• Cyclone Montha brought heavy rain and strong winds to India’s eastern coast, highlighting increasing cyclone frequency in the Bay of Bengal due to climate change.
• NITI Aayog’s report showed the services sector contributes around 55% to India’s GVA but still offers mostly informal, low-paying jobs with regional and gender disparities.
• The UNFCCC’s NDCs Synthesis Report warned that current global emission reduction pledges will only achieve a 17% cut by 2035, far short of the 60% required.
• The Ministry of Tribal Affairs proposed a framework ensuring voluntary relocation of forest dwellers from tiger reserves while safeguarding their rights under the Forest Rights Act, 2006.
• India’s Access and Benefit Sharing mechanism enabled payments to Red Sanders cultivators, ensuring fair returns for communities conserving biological resources under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
• The Rehabilitation Council of India introduced major reforms to modernize rehabilitation education, emphasizing digital learning, NEP 2020 alignment, and professional regulation for PwDs services.
• The 8th International Solar Alliance Assembly in New Delhi launched the SUNRISE Initiative and ISA Academy, promoting global solar innovation, circular economy, and capacity building.
• CSE’s report revealed 64% of Indian soils are nitrogen-deficient and 48.5% lack organic carbon, urging balanced fertilizer use and biochar promotion for soil restoration.
• The 20th East Asia Summit adopted the Kuala Lumpur Declaration, reinforcing regional cooperation on peace, stability, and Indo-Pacific security, with India advocating inclusivity and maritime security.
• The AmazonFACE Project in Brazil will simulate future CO2 levels to study how the Amazon rainforest responds to rising greenhouse gases and changing climate conditions.

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